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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mass of
amino acids (mg)
Number of
amino acids
20
10
0
100
0
1953
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
200
2008
1953
2008
3
Relative turbidity, an
index of vesicle number
0.4
Precursor molecules plus
montmorillonite clay
0.2
Precursor
molecules only
0
0
40
20
Time (minutes)
60
Vesicle
boundary
1 m
(a) Self-assembly
20 m
(b) Reproduction
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(c) Absorption of RNA
4
5 cm
30 m
10 m
Stromatolites
Nonphotosynthetic bacteria
Possible
earliest
appearance
in fossil record
4
Cyanobacteria
3
2
Time (billions of years ago)
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1
0
5
1 m
(b) Rod-shaped
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3 m
1 m
(a) Spherical
(c) Spiral
6
Bacterial
cell wall
Bacterial
capsule
Tonsil
cell
200 nm
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Fimbriae
1 m
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Flagellum
Filament
Hook
Motor
Cell wall
Plasma
membrane
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20 nm
Rod
Peptidoglycan
layer
9
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10
1 m
0.2 m
Respiratory
membrane
Thylakoid
membranes
(a) Aerobic prokaryote
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(b) Photosynthetic prokaryote
11
Chromosome
Plasmids
1 m
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12
Photosynthetic
cells
Heterocyst
20 m
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Phage DNA
1 Phage infects bacterial
donor cell with A and
B alleles.
A B
Donor cell
2 Phage DNA is
A
replicated and
proteins synthesized.
B
3 Fragment of DNA with
A allele is packaged
within a phage capsid.
4 Phage with
A
A
Crossing over
allele
infects bacterial
recipient cell.
5 Incorporation of phage
DNA creates recombinant
cell with genotype AB.
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A
A−
B−
Recipient
cell
Recombinant
cell
A B−
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1 m
Sex pilus
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F plasmid
F cell
(donor)
Bacterial
chromosome
F
cell
Mating
bridge
F− cell
(recipient)
F
cell
Bacterial
chromosome
1 One strand of
F cell plasmid
DNA breaks at
arrowhead.
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2 Broken strand
peels off and
enters F− cell.
3 Donor and
recipient cells
synthesize
complementary
DNA strands.
4 Recipient cell
is now a
recombinant
F cell.
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Euryarchaeotes
Crenarchaeotes
UNIVERSAL
ANCESTOR
Nanoarchaeotes
Domain Archaea
Korarchaeotes
Domain
Eukarya
Eukaryotes
Proteobacteria
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria
Domain Bacteria
Chlamydias
Gram-positive
bacteria
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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2 m
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Uptake of K by plants (mg)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Seedlings growing in the lab
0
No
Strain 1 Strain 2 Strain 3
bacteria
Soil treatment
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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5 m
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(b)
(a)
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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