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Lecture № 2
Dental calculus and plaque.
Methods of removing.
Before treatment
After treatment
Classification:

Nonmineralized - pelikula, dental plaque,
soft plaque
Mineralized - dental calculus
(supragingival, gingival).
Stages of the formation of
plaque

Education acellular organic film on the
enamel surface (pellicle).
Plaque formation begins with the
accession of a monolayer of bacteria to
acquired pellicle or surface of the tooth.
Polymicrobial education (mature dental
plaque)
Dental plaque
consists of proliferative
microorganisms, epithelial cells, leukocytes and
macrophages.
Organic and inorganic solid components comprise
about 20% of the mass plaque, bacteria,
approximately 70% of the solid residue, the rest extracellular matrix.
Matrix, in turn, consists of a complex of
polysaccharides, proteins (60%) and lipids
(15%), the rest - waste products of bacteria.

Soft plaque - a conglomerate of
microorganisms, epithelial cells,
leukocytes, a mixture of saliva proteins
and lipids with the remnants of food.
Plaque has a constant internal structure,
which is observed in the dental blyaschke.
Plaque - a mineralization of dental plaque,
which are formed from the components of
saliva (supragingival stone) or gingival
fluid (gingival stone).
Dental plaque

consists of проліферуючих
microorganisms, epithelial cells, leukocytes
and macrophages.
Microbial plaque is changeable and
changing the composition of cocci (mostly
Gram-positive) to more complex
populations containing palochkopodobnyh
and filamentous microorganisms.
Dental plaque is formed within 1 - 2
year after brushing.
Phase formation of dental plaque:?
1faza - in the first 2 - 4 hours after
brushing. At this stage, it consists mainly
of cocci (streptococci, staphylococci, and
Neisseria) and short palochok
(lactobacilli).
This so-called "early" dental plaque.
Phase 2 - from 4-5 days (leptotrihii and
fuzobakterii)
 Phase
3 - from 6-7 days and further.
Dental plaque is taking final form in
composition. The dominant anaerobic
bacteria (fuzobakterii, spirochetes,
veyllonelly, actinomycetes, streptococci
and peptostreptokoki). "The total number
of bacteria in dental plaque increases from
90-100 in 1 st phase of the formation of up
to 1-10 million in the 2 nd.
In the third phase of the formation of
bacteria measured in tens or hundreds of
billions in 1 gram. ?

Removing tartar with hand tools and ultrasound;
grinding surfaces of teeth;
polishing the surfaces of teeth.
The main methods of removing :
mechanical
 physical
 chemical

Initial estimation of the
state of oral hygiene
and periodontal tissue
Scaling
is a direct
professional teeth
cleaning - removal
of mineralized
supra-gingival and
dental plaque.
The mechanical method of removing
a tooth I
Undertaken with
a special
tool set (a set of registry office, McCall,
and so on.), which are special hooks, bent
at different angles.
The main instrument for removing tartar is
a sharp excavator.
Kyureti Gracie for
zonospetsificheskogo removing
dental plaque
Hooks for removing dental
plaque
Method Аirflow
essence of the method is
that with the help of special
apparatus under high pressure teeth
treated with a mixture of medical
kind by a mechanical action removes soft
plaque and tartar quickly and painlessly.
This method is virtually no causing harm to
your teeth.
The physical method to remove
tartar
The method is to remove dental plaque
and tartar by means of ultrasonic
vibrations, which operates on the tooth
surface.
Specially selected frequency and
amplitude of oscillations in the
ultrasonic device can easily be
separated from the surface of the tooth
tartar, without damaging the tooth
enamel itself.
Ultrasonic scaler (KaVo).
Piskostruynaya system
PROPHYflex (KaVo)
Piskostruyna system
cleans the tooth surface under the influence of the
aerosol, which consists of a mixture of water and
powdered sodium bicarbonate, which is set in
motion under the influence of stisnenogo air.
Dana system is designed for polishing the tooth
surface after using electromechanical
instruments, removal of pigmented deposits,
eliminating the deep pigmentation of the enamel
of teeth cleaning Fissure chewing teeth before
sealing and the like.
The chemical method to
remove tartar
It is used in complex
application of mechanical
method for the removal of
tartar (mobile teeth or
tightly fixed stone).
In such cases, the chemicals
dissolve stones (acids and
alkalis).
Apparatus DURR VECTOR
(Germany)
Used in hospitals in Europe and
the USA:
- For removing plaque and
polishing the teeth;
for microscopic solid tkanin
teeth and non-metal
prostheses;
- Ultrasonic treatment over
the teeth before fixation
implants (inlays, veneers,
crowns), which are made
with ceramic bodies and
composite materials.
The main advantage that distinguishes the device
"Vector" from other devices that operate on the
basis of ultrasound is the possibility of regulation of
amplitude, pulsating flow of fluid, the possibility of
using special suspensions and a large number of
tools, accessories
Application of suspension gidroksilappatita performs
anti-inflammatory effect on periodontal tissues and
stimulates their regeneration.
So very important is the application of this method
for the preparation of abutment teeth in the
prosthesis.
Root planing -
priglazhivanie root
surface
This phase includes priglazhivanie
uneven surface of the tooth, sharp
edges, the processing section of split
roots (bifurcation), remove the
softened infected cement.
Polishing
 During this phase of the polished
surface of the tooth to remove the
roughness, which contributes to delay
dental plaque.
 Priglazhivanie root surface prevents the
occurrence of plaque in the next, which
is an integral part of prevention of
periodontal diseases.
Polishing
The final stage is a fluorinated coating with
varnish.
This is necessary in order to protect your
teeth from further action of microorganisms
and prevent the formation of caries. Fluorinecontaining paints withdraw sensitivity, which
can occur after a professional cleaning, as a
consequence of long-acting "stone" to the
tooth
I wish you all a healthy and
beautiful smile