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Kingdoms Dr. Childs Science Computer Lab Winter, 2004 Concepts • Types of cells • Nutrition • Number of cells • Reproduction • Motility prokaryotes & eukaryotes autotrophs & heterotrophs unicellular, colonial, & multicellular sexual & asexual non-motile & motile Types of Cells • Prokaryotes – Cells lack nuclear membranes – No membrane bound organelles as mitochondria or chloroplasts – Reproduce by binary fission – Includes: • bacteria • cyanobacteria (= blue-green algae) bacteria Types of Cells • Eukaryotes – Cells have nuclear membranes – Membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts – Reproduce by mitosis – Includes: • Protista • Fungi, plants, and animals Types of Nutrition • Autotrophs – – – Organisms produce their own carbon compounds (sugars) Energy from sunlight – photoautotrophs (includes plants and some bacteria) Energy from chemicals – chemoautotrophs (bacteria from deep sea vents) • Heterotrophs – – – Carbon compounds from other organisms Fungi (include decomposers) Protists and animals Numbers of Cells • Single celled organisms – Includes bacteria and some protists • Colonial organisms – – – Some bacteria and algae Single cells attached together Earliest “tissues” • Multicellular organisms – – – Specialized cells with different functions Tissues and organs Fungi, plants, animals Colonial organism Reproduction • Sexual reproduction – Exchange of genetic material (DNA) – Male (motile sperm) and female (stationery egg) – Pollen and seeds in plants • Asexual reproduction – No exchange of DNA – Common in plants – Includes: • grafting or • rooting a branch in water • cloning in animals Motility • Motile - Able to move Includes animals hunting – move actively • Non-motile – Not able to actively move – Most plants are rooted Maple seed – Consider that plant may have seeds that move passively with animals (insects or birds) or with the wind – Some animals as sponges motile stages as larvae but are non-motile as adults Kingdoms Kingdoms are major groups of organisms with distinct characteristics and are the most inclusive of the taxonomic classifications. There are six generally accepted kingdoms: • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia Note: In many texts Archaebacteria and Eubacteria have been grouped as Monera. Relationships Among Kingdoms Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria Earliest Life Archaebacteria • “Archae-” derived from “ancient” (as “archeology”) • • • prokaryote, single cell photo- and chemosynthetic Reproduction by binary fission • Exist in extreme environments: – Hot springs Yellowstone deep sea vents (chemosynthesis) – High salt Great Salt Lake Dead Sea Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Deep sea thermal vents Hot springs Eubacteria • • • • “Eu-” derived from “true” Prokaryote, single cell; some colonial Heterotrophic, some photosynthetic Reproduction by binary fission • Common in almost all environments – – – • Soils & water Foods Intestine & skin Extremely diverse – – Many beneficial (produce cheese) Few cause disease (= “pathogens” ) Eubacteria Bacteria Isolation & diagnosis Penicillin Motile bacteria Protista • • • • • • Eukaryotes Many unicellular; some colonial; few multicellular Asexual and sexual reproduction Cellular Reproduction by mitosis Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic, and some both Includes two major groups - protozoa and algae Protista - Protozoa • • • • Mostly single cell Mostly heterotrophic, some autotrophic Many motile (cilia & flagella) Many free-living – – • Includes medically important parasites – – • Amoeba Paramecium Malaria African sleeping sickness Some symbiotic in termites Paramecium Protista - Protozoa Amoeba Paramecium African Sleeping Sickness Termite symbiont Malaria Protista - Algae • • • • • Some unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular Mostly autotrophic (photosynthetic) - Important source of atmospheric oxygen Many attached to substrate; some motile Marine (salt water) and aquatic (fresh water) May be ancestors of plants Green algae Protista - Algae Kelp Volox Colonial green algae Green algae “pond scum” Brown seaweed Green seaweed Fungi • • • • • • Eukaryotes All heterotrophic Important decomposers Mostly multicellular with filamentous bodies Some unicellular ( yeasts) Asexual and sexual reproduction Fungi Mushrooms Penicillum antibiotic Ringworm – parasitic fungi Molds Toxic interior mold Yeast – Breads Plantae • • • • • • Eukaryotes Almost all autotrophic (photosynthetic) Multicellular; tissues (roots, stems, leaves) Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction (seeds & fruits) Mostly terrestrial; aquatic secondarily Plantae Maple Bluebell Cactus Pine Cypress tree Moss Radish Fern And, finally … Animalia • • • • Eukaryotes Principally sexual reproduction Heterotrophic – mainly food hunters Multicellular - tissues and organs – Development of a head and nervous system • Usually an digestive tract Planaria Animalia Jellyfish Mammal Starfish Fish Insect Earthworm Hermit crab Sponge
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