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Fusion of Art & Science Hunter Cole Artist & Scientist Loyola University Chicago www.HunterCole.org Blue Self-Portrait 2001 Media: digital print, neon and plexiglass The background in "Blue" is the microscopic image of a developing wing of a butterfly provided by Biotechniques, Eaton Publishing and Dr. Paddock. Contagious Beauty 2001 The Creation of Organs: Stem Cell Research, 2001 Madonna con Clon, 2001 Mother Tiktaalik 2009 From Ape to Woman 2010 From Ape to Woman 2010 Exploring Molecular Worlds, 1999 (mixed media: paint on plexiglass and x-ray films detecting DNA, RNA and protein) Exploring Molecular Worlds, 1999, detail The Discovery of DNA James Watson and Francis Crick Rosalind Franklin Maurice Wilkins copyright ©2000 The Chemical Heritage Foundation Rosalind Franklin copyright ©2000 The Chemical Heritage Foundation The first X-ray photograph of crystalline DNA in 1952. Source: http://www.genomicart.org/offerings.htm Rosalind Franklin and the Discovery of DNA Structure 2002 (digital) Randolfe Wicker The first human cloning activist Let My Family Live! Portrait of Randolfe Wicker, the First Human Cloning Activist, 2001 (Digital) Anthrax Clock, 2002 A Few Cells Create a Kidney and a New Life: Portrait of Shauna Anderson, 2002 Human Dog Spine 2001 Media: dog spine, neon and plexiglass Hunter Cole and Electric Eye Neon The Art of Death: Viruses Are Beautiful!, 2001 Hunter Cole and Electric Eye Neon Hunter Cole and Electric Eye Neon The System Forgets Scientists Are Only Human: Laboratory Installation, 2001-2002 ART = Aerosol Resistant Tips Hunter Cole and Electric Eye Neon DNA visualized in an Ethidium Bromide stained gel using a UV transilluminator Fralin Biotechnology Center at Virginia Tech Hunter Cole and Electric Eye Neon The System Forgets Scientists Are Only Human: Laboratory Installation, 2001-2002 DNA running through an agarose gel DNA visualized with UV light. www.RadioactiveBiohazard.com Hunter Cole Discussion with Peter McLeish on Art and Science July 18, 2003 Dialogue between Science and Art Workshop in Hluboka, Czech Republic Hunter Cole Workshop title: “Does genetic engineering act as an accelerator of evolution? United principles of life and artistic perception” July 2003 Dialogue between Science and Art Workshop in Hluboka, Czech Republic Lecturer: Ondrej Scheinhost Hunter Cole Colloquium title: “Amphioxus, evolution, and development, or why the chick, fish, fly, frog, mouse, and nematode aren't enough” October 20, 2003 UW-Milwaukee Lecturer: Linda Holland, Scripps Institution of Oceanography chemiluminescence light produced by a chemical reaction without the involvement of heat or flame, “cool light” bioluminescence the emission of visible light caused by catalytic chemical reactions in certain organisms, such as glowworms, fireflies, jellyfish, and some fungi; chemiluminescent reactions that occur in living organisms are called bioluminescent reactions Sources: http://www.academicpress.com/inscight/03111999/biolumi1.htm http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/HOMEEXPTS/Chemilum.html Bioluminescence is not “fluorescence” or “phosphorescence,” although these terms are often mistakenly used to describe it. Fluorescence and phosphorescence both involve absorbance of light energy followed by re-emission of light energy at a longer wavelength. What all bioluminescence has in common: Luciferin: The light-emitting molecule Luciferase: The enzyme that catalyzes the energy transfer Oxygen: participates in the reaction What types of organisms are bioluminescent? Bacteria Dinoflagellates Radiolarians Fungi Animals Bacteria Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Dinoflagellates The dinoflagellates are a large group of flagellate protists that constitute the phylum Dinoflagellata. Most are marine, but they are common in fresh water habitats as well. Bioluminescent Bay in Vieques Island, Puerto Rico This unique bay contains up to 720,000 non-toxic dinoflagellates per gallon of bay water. Each flash a strobe of bluish light when agitated at night and can create enought light to read a book from. www.biobay.com Bioluminescent Bay in Vieques Island, Puerto Rico www.biobay.com Radiolarians The Radiolaria are protozoa of that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions. Fungi A fungus is any member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Animals Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. Bioluminescence is found in at least ten phyla of animals: -Cnidaria (jellyfish, etc.) -Ctenophora (comb jellies) -Nemertea (ribbon worms) -Nematoda (roundworms) -Annelida (segmented worms) -Chaetognaths (arrow worms) -Arthropoda (shrimp, copepods, etc.) -Molluska (snails, slugs, squid, etc.) -Echinodermata (sea cucumbers, brittle stars, etc.) -Chordata (many fish, and at least three tunicates) Angler fish Linophryne coronata From Widder, 2010 Octopus Stauoteuthis sytensis From Widder, 2010 Tunicate Pyrosoma atlanticum From Widder, 2010 Light organs range in complexity from simple single cells to elaborate multicellular structures that modulate intensity, color, and directionality of light. What is bioluminescence used for? Defense (predator evasion): -startle predator -decoy -illuminate predator (“burglar alarm”) -camouflage (counterillumination) Offense: -Lure prey (example: deep sea angler fish) -Illuminate prey (examples: flashlight fish, pinecone fish, possibly dragonfish) Communication: -Mating (examples: ostracods, syllid polychaete worms) -Territoriality (example: flashlight fish) Where is marine bioluminescence found? Coastal and surface waters: -about 10% of organisms Midwater (~200-1200 meters): -about 90% of organisms Deep water (>1200 meters): -about 10% of organisms Most marine bioluminescence is not found in the deepest, darkest regions of the ocean, but rather in the dimly lit midwater regions. This gives us a clue as to its most prevalent use. The position of most light organs gives us another clue. Most midwater organisms have ventral light organs, thus illuminating their undersides. Of all the uses of marine bioluminescence, camouflage by counterillumination is thought to be the most prevalent. It has been shown experimentally that counterilluminating marine organisms can adjust the intensity of their bioluminescence to match the intensity of the downwelling light. Most marine bioluminescence is blue. Why? Because in order for bioluminescence to be advantageous, it must be seen. Water absorbs light Surface light Light at 400 meters Most midwater fish see only blue light What we see What most midwater fish see Some marine bioluminescence is not blue. Examples: -The jellyfish Aequorea emits green light. - At least one type of bacterium emits yellow light. - A type of dragonfish emits both blue and red light. The red-emitting dragonfish is an interesting exception to the “rule” of blue visual sensitivity in midwater fish. The dragon fish can see both blue and red. What we see What most midwater fish see What dragonfish see This gives the dragonfish a “private wavelength” that other fish can’t see. Possible uses: -Predation. Illumination of prey without alerting them. -Communication with other dragonfish. Living Drawings Drawings Created with Bioluminescent Bacteria Viewing DNA Under the Moonlight bioluminescent bacteria, agar and Petri dishes, 2003 Rabbit, 2005 Mother, 2005 Her Own DNA, 2005 Her Own DNA, 2005 Her Own DNA, 2005 LIVING DRAWINGS CREATED WITH BIOLUMINESCENT BACTERIA MOVIE Bioluminescence mp3 Duration: 9 min. 42 sec. soundLAB VII: soundCELEBRATION 10th anniversary of [NewMediaArtProjectNetwork]:||cologne Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Biology through Art Course Student Bioluminescent Bacterial Drawing Living Light Photography by the Light of Bioluminescent Bacteria The Cave, 2010 The Cave, 2010 Body, 2010 The Entomologist, 2010 Vesna Jovanovic Dan Wallace Peter Gray Peter N. Gray Artist & Scientist Metal-i-Genics Studio “Point Mutation” steel and African Red Granite 2007 Size: 9'H x 48"W x 36"D Location: MYMA Sculpture Center Missouri Valley, Iowa http://www.metal-i-genics.com/ Peter Gray Stephanie Burke MK Meador Hands, 2010 Bioluminescent Weddings Photography by the Light of Bioluminescent Bacteria Angel Bride, 2014 Bed of Roses: Two Women Getting Married, 2014 Wedding Circle : Two Women Getting Married, 2014 Two Beams of Light : Two Women Getting Married, 2014 Experiments in Bioluminescent Bacteria Art Outdoor Bioluminescent Bacteria Installation Making a Bioluminescent Leaf www.HunterCole.org