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Microbial Genetics Your Cousin The Banana Genome of a Mycoplasma 7.1 Bacterial Recombination Vertical and Horizontal Transfer of Genes Genetic information in bacteria caninformation be transferred Genetic in bacteria vertically laterally can beand transferred • Bacterial mutation and laterally vertically • Definition of recombination • Bacterial mutation • Definition of recombination Genetic Transformation Bacterial Transformation and Mechanism The F pilus connecting donor and recipient E. coli cells Bacteria Conjugating Some R Factor Plasmids Transposons migrating into genes involved in synthesis of pigments The Transformation Experiments of Griffith Gene Transfer Mechanisms Conjugation involves cell-tocell contact for DNA transfer Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering was born in the 1970s • Discovery of endonucleases • First recombinant DNA • Plasmids and sticky ends Genetic engineering has many commercial and practical applications • • • • • • Pharmaceutical applications Agricultural applications Antibiotic production Detection and diagnosis Environmental biology Vaccine production Construction of a Recombinant DNA Molecule A plasmid used for cloning Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering (cont’d) Developing New Products using Genetic Engineering Plate culture of Luminescent bacteria who live under eye of a flashlight fish Transduction involves viruses in the lateral transfer of DNA • Description • Role of the bacteriophage Lytic cycle Lysogeny • Generalized transduction • Specialized transduction Generalized Transduction Specialized Transduction DNA Probes Role of Restriction Enzymes in making recombinant DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR Steps of a single cycle of PCR Final PCR product Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR Amplifies selected DNA sequences DNA fingerprinting to identify criminals DNA Fingerprinting (cont’d) Fingerprints Gene Libraries Genetic information in bacteria can be transferred vertically and laterally • Bacterial mutation • Definition of recombination Many microbial genomes have been sequenced • Analogy for comparing the human and E. coli genome lengths • First complete bacterial genome • First fungal genome Microbial genomics will advance our understanding of the microbial world • • • • Food production The environment Biosensing Human health Microbial genomics has produced some interesting findings • Comparison to the human genome • Large number of gene functions have not been identified • Genetic (pathogenicity islands)
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