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Factor of food spoilage Factor of food spoilage Two types of factor of food spoilage Germ altering the sanitary quality = pathogens for human Food infection Germ altering merchantability = pathogens for plant + degradation agents Unmarketable food Factor of food spoilage Impact of degradation agents 1-Changing the appearance of food Erwinia carotovora on spice and in the middle of a melon « Blue » mozzarella following the development of Pseudomonas fluorescens Factor of food spoilage Impact of degradation agents 1-Changing the appearance of food Mold (Mucor) growing on the surface of a cheese…with appearance similar to cat hair Factor of food spoilage Impact of degradation agents 2-Changing the taste of food Carnobacterium maltaromaticum causing « greening » with tomato sauce (here for example with beef lasagne) Alternaria causing an acidic taste in citrus and citrus juices Factor of food spoilage Impact of degradation agents 3-Changing the nutritional value and the processing opportunities Plasmapora viticola (mildew of wine) grows on grapes and consumes carbohydrate reserves With less sugar it will be difficult to make a fermentation and transform grapes into wine !! Impact of degradation agents on potatoes Potato, a target of all attacks… Attacks by insects, worms, molluscs, rodents… Mold infections Viruses infections Bacterial infections Example of pathogen bacteria for potato : Pectobacterium Pectobacterium (new name of the group Erwinia) : bacteria from Enterobacterial family, pathogen for a lot of plant, cause a decay of plants and tubers some important species (P.carotovorum, P.atrosepticum…) P.atrosepticum (x 2850) Decay of potato by P.atrosepticum Pectobacterium : easily transmissible pathogenic Pectobacterium : easily transmissible pathogenic Steps of industrial production of potatoes Planting Possible contamination by Pectobacterium Germination Harvest Washing Storage Processing Water Everything contaminated!! Potato, a very important economy… Regions of world production - Europe - Asia in particular China Potato, a very important economy… European production Potato, a very important economy… Global value of potatoes production 6 billions dollars / year in the world (2 for fresh potatoes, 4 for transformed potatoes : frozen products, starch…) Potato, a very important economy… Diseaeses of potatoes cause 32% loss of world production FAO (Food and agriculture organization) – September 2009 2 billions dollars losses / year !!! It’s important to eradicate these diseases, by developping : -innovative methods to diagnose these pathogens , -solutions for prevention and treatment.