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بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Infectious Diseases and Traditional Medicine Majid Avijgan MD, Professor of Infectious Diseases Infectious Diseases Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences January 2013 This topic The evolutionary course of fight against infectious diseases during history of human beings, starts with natural substance and by innovation of them. In 19th century the opening of first drug store and then pharmaceutical company, and by supportive goal from scholarship, the world of antibiotics were under control of some Trust like group. Since this time the any movement in this area was controlled and prevented from any free activities. By discovery of new drugs and new antibiotics, the new and not known event in the antibiotics world has happened as resistance and also complication. So one antibiotics after previous antibiotics presented and in this field the physician must administer and people must use them due to resistance bacteria. Since mid 1970s the return to Traditional Medicine started and the fight against this movement appeared from some mafia pharmaceutical company . But what traditional medicine indicates , is to note to the immune system and bacteria simultaneously. In the base of perfect immune system, then an antibiotics can work perfectly. We must accept that in nowadays, there is not any option to be accepted except to co-operation of Traditional medicine and biomedicine to treat patients. Majid Avijgan History From the beginning of the world up to 1856. From 1856 up to now. Natural substances Aarchaeologists excavated evidence of human remains in northern Iraq that were buried along with a variety of herbs, a number of which have now found to be antibacterial that were used by the prehistoric people of the region to eliminate bacteria or thwart their multiplication. Natural substances It is believed that the Egyptians were the first to make prescriptions for curing infections sometime around 1550 BC. Blend of lard, honey and lint and was used in the form of a lotion for dressing wounds. Natural substances We are aware that honey possesses antibacterial properties, as it kills bacterial cells by means of extracting water from them. Moreover, honey encloses an enzyme called inhibine that transforms glucose and oxygen into hydrogen peroxide - a widely accepted antiseptic. In current times, wounds have been found to be very resistant to healing by antibiotic medicaments. However, honey has the aptitude to heal them quite easily. In addition, honey is also known to be a wonderful natural medication for curing infected varicose ulcers. Natural substances In addition, the Greeks too used honey for dressing wounds, frequently mixing it with copper oxide. In latest times, during the World War II, an ointment prepared with honey and lard was used by people in Shanghai to heal wounds and skin contagions very effectively. Natural substances Aromatic resins, for instance frankincense as well as myrrh, were employed to preserve human remains. In effect, onions too have antibacterial properties and it has been generally found inside the body cavities of mummies. Researches substantiated the anti-infective properties of onion and garlic some time around 1940s. Scientists isolated a substance known as allicin from these plants, which has proved to be very effective in eliminating bacteria. Natural substances Radish is another herb which the Egyptians are believed to have used for medicinal purpose. The attribute of the plant to combat infections was established following the isolation of raphanin, a substance that possesses considerable antibacterial actions against a wide range of infections. Natural substances However, the use of molds actually has its origin to the ancient Egyptians or most possibly even earlier. Natural substances It may be mentioned here that some time around 1550 BC, an Egyptian physician had remarked in the Ebers Papyrus that when a wound decomposes, it should be bind on infected barley bread. It is true that the Egyptians employed various types of molds to cure infections on the skin surface. Similarly, in ancient time, the Chinese too made use of molds to heal carbuncles, boils and other skin infections. Natural substances During the time of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, people also extensively used vinegar and wine to heal wounds that were infected. Vinegar is actually an acid and a potent antiseptic that eliminates germs causing diseases. However, the antibacterial features of wine may not be totally attributed to its alcohol content, since it is very poor. Chemical analysis of wine undertaken recently has exposed that it encloses an antibacterial substance known as malvoside. Scientists are of the view that malvoside present in wine is responsible for its antibacterial attributes. Natural substances Even today, inorganic substances, copper is mixed with other inorganic substances to cure infections. In France, a skin condition called impetigo caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus is being cured using Eau Dalibour, a blend of copper and zinc. Although the surgeon general of Louis XIV army Jacques Dalibour is known to prescribe this medication for the first time ever, it is believed that this combination may also have been used in traditional French medicine much long back. History The data hand down generation to generation during years……. History of drugs At 1856 first drug store has been presented in the California in USA History of supports In addition, it also throws light on why majority of the medical researches are sponsored by the pharmaceutical firms and the reason behind medical students being taught pharmacology or the use of medicaments as the key ways of treating patients. History of biosafe-bacteria In Paris itself, Louis Pasteur had explained the advantageous influences of injecting animals with safe soil bacteria to fight anthrax (an infectious, often life-threatening disease of the animals). Several other experiments dealing with anthrax and cholera also corroborated these findings and established that harmless bacteria have the aptitude to slow down the disease-causing or pathogenic bacteria. History of dye In 1910, scientists found a more potential agent known as salvarsan, which was basically a dye, demonstrating to be very effectual in treating the sexually transmitted disease syphilis. Nevertheless, toxicity of the substance in humans proved to be the main obstacle in developing salvarsan as well as its extensive use. History of antibiotic While trying to develop the bacteria Staphylococcus spp. on an agar plate (a saucer used for preparing bacterial cultures) in 1928, Dr. Fleming detected that the development of this bacterium was slowed down by a mold which had contaminated the plate by accident. He immediately made up his mind to identify the mold that was ultimately known as Penicillium notatum. History of antibiotic Incidentally, it took another few years for two talented researchers, Dr. Florey and Dr. Chain, who were working at Oxford University in the late 1930s and early part of 1940s, to appreciate the significance of the findings of Dr. Fleming’s research. In fact, the pioneering work of these two researchers helped to bring penicillin into clinical use. Dr. Flory was an Australian physician who had been to Oxford on a scholarship to study pathology. On the other hand, Dr. Chain was a chemist from Germany who had escaped from the Nazis in the 1930s and went to England for rest. History of antibiotic Penicillin showed marked efficiency in combating an assortment of infections, including septicemia, pneumonia, scarlet fever, diphtheria, strep throat, rheumatic fever as well as the sexually transmitted ailment gonorrhoea. In fact, people started believing that penicillin could be used to treat any ailment and, incidentally, this myth even exists till date. At the same time, this new magic medicament received fantastic publicity and Dr. Fleming, Dr. Florey and Dr. Chain were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1945. HISTORY (Resistance) Before 1955, the sale of penicillin was not restricted and, hence, anyone and everyone were able to purchase it without a prescription. However, the overuse and unrestricted use of penicillin resulted in increasing resistant to bacteria HISTORY (Resistance) In the meantime, in 1935, a German researcher demonstrated that a dye known as Prontosil Red was effective in treating mice infected with Streptococcus supp. - the bacteria responsible for strep throat. In fact, the dye Prontosil Red was the predecessor of a group of drugs similar to antibiotics and known as sulphonamides or sulfa drugs. Even to this day, these drugs are in use. For instance, Septra, which contains sulfamethoxazole, is given to patients suffering from infections of the respiratory as well as the urinary tract. History (complication) Merck and Company helped Waksman with funds in 1939 to begin an exploration for antibiotics with a view to offer optimism to patients suffering from tuberculosis (TB). Even to this day, the antibiotic is used to treat tuberculosis. Soon after streptomycin was clinically used in tuberculosis patients, it was found that the use of the drug resulted in side effects that were absent in the case of using penicillin, counting kidney damage as well as deafness. History Nevertheless, the major problem faced by patients in using streptomycin, and what actually limited efficiency, was resistance. In fact, the pace at which bacteria were capable of developing resistance to this drug surprised Waksman and his colleagues. Owing to this factor, they were encouraged to undertake research to find other antibiotics. This search actually led to the development of neomycin - a medicament generally used in a number of antibacterial ointments these days. History As many as 22 patients who received the antibiotic chloramphenicol in the Bolivian epidemic survived. Among the 50 patients who did not avail antibiotic, 14 succumbed to the epidemic. Actually, the trial of the antibiotic drug in Bolivia is not its sole connection in South America. In effect, the antibiotic medicament chloramphenicol was isolated for the first time from a soil sample in a place in Caracas, Venezuela. This discovery is significant in two ways. Firstly, it helped in detecting a new antibiotic substance and second, according to the findings of the clinical trial, chloramphenicol has the potential to treat diseases that were incurable earlier - for instance, typhus. Much later, this antibiotic medicament demonstrated outstanding results in treating typhoid fever. Finally, the scientists were being successful in discovering new and effectual substances, which could cure severe infections. History (Complication) effectual substances, which could cure severe infections. The ecstasy involved with the discovery of chloramphenicol was rather diminished when it became clear that the use of the antibiotic resulted in grave side effects. By 1950, several researchers were worried by the increasing proof related to the drug’s use to acute blood disorders, such as anaemia and even leukemia. The use of the antibiotic drug chloramphenicol is presently restricted in the developed nations, as more expensive, but less harmful medications are available in these places. However, in developing nations this antibiotic is still in use since its production does not entail great expenses. Primarily, this drug is given to patients suffering from typhoid fever, typhus, meningitis and brucellosis also known as undulant fever. However, this antibiotic medicament may also be used for treating other infections. In fact, it is possible that you have used this drug either in your ear drops or eye drops. History In 1948, Brotzu made the findings of this clinical trials public and his work drew the attention of the research group formed by Dr. Florey in Oxford University. After obtaining the samples of the fungus, members of the Oxford University research group could isolate as well as purify a number of antibiotics similar to penicillin, which were known as cephalosporins. It was found that the cephalosporins were highly effectual in curing an assortment of infections caused by bacteria. These antibiotics eliminate bacteria in a way that is comparable to the actions of penicillin and were considered as valuable options, particularly in cases where resistance to penicillin was a major worry. In addition, cephalosporins had very low toxicity and this was a great advantage of using these antibiotic medicaments. However, it is another matter that using cephalosporins resulted in allergic reactions in approximately five per cent of patients. History Benjamin M. Duggar was successful in isolating chlortetracycline from a mud sample obtained from a river in Missouri. While chlortetracycline was the first ever tetracycline, the discovery of Duggar has resulted in the isolation and then the development of numerous very potent antibiotics. Currently, these antibiotic drugs are only second to penicillin in terms of worldwide sales. History (complication) Tetracyclines results in the formation of calcium complexes in developing bone, which may cause permanent discoloration and enamel imperfections in the teeth and, at the same time, lessen the growth of bone. In addition, tetracyclines penetrate the placenta and have an immense toxic effect on the fetus. Owing to these adverse and toxic side effects, use of tetracyclines is banned in treating infections among pregnant women and children under the age of seven years, since they have the potential to slow down the growth of kids. Turning Points (New Generation) Additional research undertaken in the 1960s led to the development of the second generation antibiotic drugs. These second generation antibiotics included methicillin, a partially synthetic derivative of penicillin produced to especially beat the problems of penicillin resistance. In effect, scientists hailed methicillin as a vital advancement in the fight against bacterial resistance to penicillin. Scientists were now of the view that they would be able to win the battle against bacterial infections. However, unfortunately, they were proved wrong and bacteria had the final word and today we have bacteria that are also resistant to the second generation antibiotic methicillin. Domino Domino of Antibiotics since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, infections still plague us. Many bacteria develop resistance to the antibiotics that once killed them. While antibiotics can be lifesaving when used appropriately, overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause widespread health problems. Then consider the resistant's bacteria and overwhelmed Immune system http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html Attention to Traditional Medicine 1970 return to Traditional medicine History During the early part of the 1990s, the American Medical Association (AMA) ensured a powerful political lobby to shut down several homeopathic colleges and hospitals. It is interesting to note that within just two decades, the number of homeopathic hospitals in America dropped to just seven by 1920. What does TM mean from antibiotics? Immune system = Resistance to infection Means No Infection Infectious Diseases and Traditional Medicine!!! Infectious Diseases: Newest findings of Medical sciences Traditional Medicine: Oldest findings or data of Medical Sciences But: Sky-scrapers are on the strong foundation Infectious Diseases and Traditional Medicine!!! П------------------------------------------П Traditional Med..---------------------------------------------------------------------Infectious Dis ↓ ----------П--------------------П----------- ------Traditional Med. -------Infectious Dis. ---- ↓ -------------------ПП---------------------- ------Infectious Dis./Traditional Med. ------- Immune system or infectious diseases Two theories dominate the practice of medicine on infectious diseases. One theory is that germs cause infectious diseases. The other theory is that diminished host resistance causes infectious diseases. The "great compromise" of these two theories is widely accepted by both the public and professionals. That is, infectious organisms are present in the host or the environment, but infection does not occur unless the host,s resistance diminishes. (TB,AIDS, ……) http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/articles/118/modern-vs--traditional-medicine Immune system and infectious Diseases As a pillar of modern medicine, antibiotics play a tremendous role in dealing with infections. When the body,s immune system is overwhelmed, antibiotics can be very useful. Otherwise it is no successes (MDR and AIDS) http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html Treatment versus prevention medicine This compromise is that a strong immune system is fundamental if the body is to resist infections. A medicine which controls bacterial infection and sustains the immune system is always preferable to a medicine which kills bacteria but depresses the immune system. http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html Modern medicine is same traditional medicine Modern Medicine is consisted of Traditional Medicine plus Modern Technology, Innovation and explorations. http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/articles/118/modern-vs--traditional-medicine Testimony Cases Chronic Ulcers and TM Chronic Ulcer and TM Ulcers and TM Purple conflower گياه سر خار گل matericaria recutita گياه بابونه آلماني calendula Officinalis گياه هميشه بهار arnica montana گياه هميشه بهار كوهي Urinary Tract گياه ذغال اخته براي موارد پيشگيري از عفونت هاي ادراري و در درمان عفونت هاي ادراري همراه با آنتي بيوتيك ها upper respiratory infections. پنيرك، گل خطمي،بنفشه سه رنگ Fungal Infection: Pharmaceutical Product Mintagel. Source: Mentha Piperita Rc: كچلي انگشت و كشاله ران پا و نيز اتهابات سطحي Fungal Infection: Pharmaceutical Product Leucorex Source: Zataria Multiflora ()آويشن شيرازي Vaginitis due to Candida and Gardenella Fungal Infection Pharmaceutical Product Echino Cream Echinophora platy loba Chorin recurrent candid vaginitis Immune System Pharmaceutical Product Echiherb Source: Echinacea Purpurea Tonification of Immune system against infection Infectious Diseases and Traditional Medicine!!! 1-Pay attention to correct diagnosis 2-Perscription of correct Drugs 3-administration of correct dosage and correct duration 4-they lead to: 5-No resistance 6-less complications 7-Avoidence of advertisements of pharmaceutical company