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History of
Biotechnology
1
Food Production
Microorganisms have been used to
produce foods like:
yogurt, cheese, rootbeer, wine
Came about by accident:
No knowledge of food preservation
Moist foods became contaminated
with bacteria, yeast, and molds
2
Production of Yogurt
Commercial yogurt = fermented
dairy product made by action of
two bacteria:
Streptococcus thermophilus
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
 As bacteria metabolize sugar, they
produce acid causing the
casein(protein) to coagulate

3
Food Production and Bioprocessing
In the production of yogurt, biomass is what
is harvested
Biomass = total dry weight of all
organisms in a sample or population

In the production of wine or other foods,
it is the metabolite you are harvesting
4
Metabolite = substance (excreted
during) involved in metabolism
 Primary metabolite = excreted
during growth phase
 Secondary metabolite = excreted
during the end of growth phase or
during secondary phase
5
Bacterial Growth Curve
 Lag Phase – number of cells
change very little because the cells
do not immediately reproduce in a
new medium; cells ar synthesizing
DNA and enzymes
 Log Phase – cells begin to divide
and enter a period of growth;
logarithmically increases; cellular
reproduction is most active
6


Stationary Phase – exhaustion of
nutrients, accumulation of waste
products and harmful changes in
pH cause the colony to stabilize
Death Phase – number of deaths
exceeds the number of new cells
formed; logarithmic decline
7
8
Wine Production:
Harvesting a Primary
Metabolite
At first it was not known that
microorganisms aided in alcohol
production
Louis Pasteur brought this to light:
1. Yeast converts sugar to alcohol-in
the absence of air (fermentation)
2. Souring-occurs when bacteria
convert alcohol into
vinegar(acetic acid)
9

Pasteur suggested heating the
alcohol enough to kill
microorganisms (pasteurization)
10
Antibiotic Production:
Secondary Metabolite
Alexander Fleming (Penicillium
notatum)
Discovered penicillin by accident
11

Original strain only produced 2mg
of penicillin per liter of culture fluid;
scientists isolated cultures to
develop a strain that produced
over 20g./l.
12
Industrial Uses of Plant and Animal
Cell Cultures
Animal Cell Cultures:
Used in production of vaccines
Die out after several generations
(except for tumor cells)
Hybridoma=hybrid, fusing a myeloma
(tumor) cell with lymphocytes(white
blood cells) to grow indefinitely
13
14
Plant Cells
Whole plants serve as sources of
agricultural chemicals, drugs, flavoring,
and coloring
Plant Regeneration
Plants developed from single cells:
Produce many plants with less effort
Virus free cells can be isolated to
produce virus-free crops
15
Proliferation – cell growth
Apoptosis – programmed
cell death
16
What does the future
hold?
17



In the 1980’s Biotechnology grew
due to the development of
recombinant DNA technology
Ex. Human insulin grown by
bacteria
Today the focus is on RNA as well
as DNA
18
The End
19