Download Chapter 19 - Jamestown Public Schools

Chapter 19
Introduction to
the Kingdoms
Of Life
How do scientists organize all living
organisms?
 Scientists classify and organize organisms based on
multiple characteristics.
 Of of the first main characteristics were whether the
organisms were prokaryotic or eukaryotic
 If you can tell me the difference between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms raise
your hand
 If you can give me an example of a
prokaryotic organism raise your hand
The Three Domains of Life
 Bacteria- thought to be the oldest living thing
(contains organisms in kingdom Eubacteria) Prokaryotic
 Archaea- contains Archaebacteria - Prokaryotic
 Eukarya- contains all four eukaryotic kingdoms
(protist, animals, plants and fungi) - Eukaryotic
The 6 Kingdoms of Life
 To organize and classify all organisms into the six kingdoms
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of life required scientists to look closely at many other
characteristics. These included:
Lack of or presence of a cell wall (ex: plants, bacteria, fungi
vs. animal cells)
Unicellular or multicellular (ex: bacteria vs. humans)
Autotroph or heterotroph (ex: plants vs. cats)
Asexual or Sexual reproduction (ex: bacteria, plants vs. sex
cells)
Kingdoms
 Can you name the 6 kingdoms of life? You should be able to!
Try to list them in your packet.
 Eubacteria (Bacteria)
 Archaebacteria
 Protists
 Fungi
 Plant
 Animal
Kingdom Archaebacteria & Bacteria
 Today we are going to focus on two kingdoms –
Archaebacteria & Bacteria
 Archaebacteria
 List everything you KNOW about Kingdom
Archaebacteria in the box in your notes
Archaebacteria
 This kingdom is more closely related to eukaryotes than
bacteria because of the contents of lipids in their cell walls
 We call our cell membranes phospho_______ bi______
 Can you fill in the blanks?
 Live in extreme environments
 Ex: Methanogens – live in mud of swamps and are poisoned by
even traces of oxygen
 Ex: Extremophiles – live in places of very high temperature,
extremely salty conditions, and extremely acidic conditions
 Nonextrememe – live in the same environments as bacteria
Kingdom Bacteria
 Bacteria are the most abundant
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organisms on Earth. There are more
bacteria living in your mouth, than
there are mammals on Earth!
Circle the correct answer in your notes.
Bacteria are…
Unicellular or Multicellular?
Double or single Strand DNA?
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Asexual or Sexual?
Good or bad for us? Or BOTH?
Kingdom Bacteria
 Bacteria are the most abundant
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organisms on Earth. There are more
bacteria living in your mouth, than
there are mammals on Earth!
Circle the correct answer in your notes.
Bacteria are…
Unicellular or Multicellular?
Double or single strand DNA?
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Asexual or Sexual?
Good or bad for us? Or BOTH?
Antibiotics
 Ever taken an antibiotic? - Thank Fleming!!
 Alexander Fleming noticed a fungus in his lab growing in a
petri dish with NO bacteria surrounding it. He figured out
that the fungus called PENECILLIN was killing the bacteria!
 Think – Pair – Share
 What do you know about antibiotic resistance?
 Think about how fast bacteria reproduce
 If you don’t finish the full course of an antibiotic what
could happen?
The Good & The Bad
 The Bad..
The Good & The Bad
 The Good…
 Found in foods we eat to keep our bodies at homeostasis and
functioning properly – ex: pickles, cheese, vinegar, yogurt
 Can be used to clean up oil and chemical spills. Also road kill.
 Used in genetic engineering to make drugs and complex
chemicals
Bacteria Cell Shapes
 Bacillus- rod shaped cell
 Coccus- round shaped cell
 Spirillum- spiral cell
 Capsule- gel-like layer around cell wall
Yogurt Bacteria Round 2!
 Lets try to see the strepococci bacteria found in
bacteria!
 Look out for these
Viruses
 THINK – PAIR – SHARE
 Think about all the characteristics of living things
that make them a living thing
 Think about what you believe a virus is.
 Is a virus a living or non living thing?
Viruses are NON LIVING
 Viruses are smaller
than prokaryotes and do
not contain cells
 Viruses do not grow, do
not have homeostasis,
and do not metabolize
 Viruses are
**Pathogens: agents
that cause disease
Viral Structure
 Protein coat (capsid) contains RNA or DNA
 Membrane (envelope) around capsid helps virus
enter cells. Consists of proteins, lipids and
glycoproteins
 Bacteriophages- virus that infect bacteria- has tail
Viral Reproduction
 Viruses must rely on living things (host cells) for
replication – it must first infect a living cell
 An animal cell virus enters a host cell by
endocytosis
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
 Structure of HIV
 Has an envelope that allows it
to enter host cell
 Inside the envelope is the capsid
which holds the viruses genetic
material
 Outside the envelope are
spikes composed of
glycoproteins
 The spikes precisely fits a human
cell receptor to begin the
infection!
How HIV Infects Cells
 Viruses must attach to a host cells specific
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receptor to infect the cell
HIV STEP 1: Attachment
HIV has specific glycoproteins that fits a
human cell receptor perfectly
HIV STEP 2: Entry
Once HIV is attached to the receptor it
activates a second receptor that allows it
to enter the cell through endocytosis
How HIV Infects Cells
 HIV Step 3: Replication
 Replication occurs when an enzyme called reverse
transcriptase copies the viral RNA into
complementary DNA
 This creates many copies of the virus and new
viruses are released from the cell by budding
 HIV continues to replicate from years. HIV infected
people can live for years without symptoms
 Eventually, AIDS will arise and the body will be
unable to defend itself against infections
Viral & Emerging Diseases
 The most
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lethal virus
is the flu
Other
examples:
West Nile
Mad Cow
Viroid’s in
plants
Herpes
HIV Transmission
 THINK – PAIR – SHARE
 What do you know about how HIV is transmitted?
 Can you think of the three ways HIV can be
transmitted and how you can prevent this from
happening?
Kingdom Protista
 Remember them?
 Protists are the most diverse of all
organisms with such a broad array of
characteristics
 Many mimic organisms from all other
kingdoms (plant, fungi, animal). Some
are photosynthetic and others
heterotrophs
 Ex: Slime Molds
Kingdom Protista
 Using pages 460 – 463 in your textbooks, complete the general
characteristics for Protists in your notes
 Then, using pages 464 – 470, pick three different types of
protists (ex: Amoeba, Brown Algae, and Euglena)
 Create a poster comparing your three protists.You will only have
until the end of class to complete this. Include the following
information and if time a drawing of your protists:
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Uni/multicellular
Pro/Eukaryotic
How they move
How they feed
Their Habitat
Other Special Characteristics
Kingdom Fungi
 Think – Pair – Share
 How many different types of fungus can you think
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of?
Mushrooms
Molds
Ringworm, Athletes Foot
Yeast
Where have you seen fungi growing? What
conditions are most favorable for fungi?
Kingdom Fungi
 Use pages 482 – 484 in your textbook to complete the
characteristics chart in your notes and pages 490 – 491 to
answer the questions on symbiotic relationships in Fungi
Videos
 Bacteria -
http://www.redorbit.com/news/video/education_1/11127531
42/what-is-bacteria/
 Virus Crisis -
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/science/healthhuman-body-sci/health/virus-crisis-sci/
 Protists http://www.redorbit.com/news/video/education_1/11127545
92/what-is-a-protist/
 Fungi - http://www.history.com/videos/a-world-withoutfungi#a-world-without-fungi
 Plants - http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/kids/greenkids/plants-kids/