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Mechanisms of Disease Disturbances to homeostasis and the body’s responses Disease Mechanisms Genetic mutations Pathogenic organisms and particles parasites Tumors and cancer Physical and chemical agents Malnutrition Autoimmunity Inflammation Degeneration Risk Factors Genetic factors Age Lifestyle Stress Environmental factors Preexisting conditions Many risk factors overlap and can be avoided. Pathogenic particles Viruses – small,nonliving particle, capsid and nucleic acid can not reproduce on own Symptoms can be slow to appear Ex. SARS, West Nile, HIV (table 5-1) Prion – pathogenic protein molecule, convert normal proteins to abnormal ex. Mad cow Bacteria- Pathogenic organism Prokaryotic Produce disease by: secreting toxins parasitic in human cells form colonies to disrupt normal function Classified by Function: aerobic/anaerobic Staining properties: gram -, gram + Size and shape – coccus, spirilla, bacillus Table 5-2 for examples Spores – formed under adverse conditions Fungus Fungus Heterotrophic, parasitic Molds, mildew Often resists treatment Ex. Athelete’s foot, yeast infections (table 5-3) Protozoa Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms Larger than bacteria Major groups (classified by locomotion) Amoebas Flagellates Ciliates Sporozoa (usually 2 hosts and 2 life cycles) Table 5-4 for examples Pathogenic Animals - metazoa Large, multicellular Major groups Nematodes – roundworms, human tissue Platyhelminths – flatworms and flukes Arthropods – mites, ticks, lice and fleas, wasps, mosquitoes, spiders Table 5-5 for examples