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TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE
ninth edition
MICROBIOLOGY
an introduction
10
Part A
Classification of
Microorganisms
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Taxonomy
 Taxonomy
 The science of classifying organisms
 Provides universal names for organisms
 Provides a reference for identifying organisms
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Taxonomy
 Systematics or phylogeny: The study of the
evolutionary history of organisms.
 All Species Inventory (2001-2025)
 To identify all species of life on Earth
 Possibly as many as 10 to 100 million with fewer
than 10% discovered (1.7 million)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Taxonomy
 1735
Plant and Animal Kingdoms
 1857
Bacteria and fungi put in the Plant Kingdom
 1866
Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria, protozoa,
algae, and fungi
 1937
Prokaryote introduced for cells "without a nucleus"
 1959
Kingdom Fungi
 1961
Prokaryote defined as cells in which nucleoplasm is
not surrounded by a nuclear membrane
 1968
Kingdom Monera proposed
 1978
Two types of prokaryotic cells found
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The Three-Domain System
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Table 10.1
The Three-Domain System
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Figure 10.1
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Table 10.2
Endosymbiotic Theory
Cyanophora paradoxa
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Figures 10.2, 10.3
Scientific Names
of Genus
Source of
Scientific Binomial Source
Name
Specific Epithet
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Honors Edwin Klebs
The disease
Pfiesteria piscicida
Honors Lois Pfiester
Disease in fish
Salmonella typhimurium Honors Daniel Salmon Stupor (typh-) in
mice (muri-)
Streptococcus
Chains of cells
Forms pus (pyo-)
pyogenes
(strepto-)
Penicillium
chrysogenum
Tuftlike (penicill-)
Produces a yellow
(chryso-) pigment
Trypanosoma cruzi
Corkscrew-like
(trypano-, borer;
soma-, body)
Honors Oswaldo
Cruz
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 10.3
Taxonomic Hierarchy
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Figure 10.5
Species Definition
 Eukaryotic species: A group of closely related
organisms that breed among themselves
 Prokaryotic species: A population of cells with similar
characteristics
 Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell
 Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone
 Viral species: Population of viruses with similar
characteristics that occupies a particular ecological
niche
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Domain Eukarya
 Animalia: Multicellular; no cell walls;
chemoheterotrophic
 Plantae: Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually
photoautotrophic
 Fungi: Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular;
cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal
fragments
 Protista: A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do
not fit other kingdoms
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Identification Methods
 Morphological
characteristics:
Useful for identifying
eukaryotes
 Differential staining:
Gram staining, acidfast staining
 Biochemical tests:
Determines presence
of bacterial enzymes
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Figure 10.8
“Enterotube II”
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10.9 - Overview (1 of 3)
Enterotube II
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10.7