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Control of respiratory rate • Availability of substrate (NADH or FADH2) • Availability of oxygen • Rate of electron transfer between and within electron transport complexes • Availability of ADP and Pi • Proton gradient – DG of proton translocation Determination of P/O ratio NADH generating substrate pO2 TIME Determination of P/O ratio succinate pO2 TIME Substrate pO2 TIME Substrate pO2 TIME NADH generating substrate pO2 TIME NADH generating substrate pO2 TIME Some additional processes driven by proton gradient • sugar and amino transport in bacterial cells • Ca2+ movement into mitochondria • rotation of flagella in some bacteria • temperature regulation •brown fat, skunk cabbage, thermogenin (uncoupling protein) Optional reading The following web sites gives additional information on the family of uncoupling proteins: http://lsvl.la.asu.edu/bio569/jhazel/uncouplingproteinwebsite/Uncoupling%20Proteins%20Home.htm