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STANDARD PRECAUTIONS Clinical Internship Governmental Agencies • OSHA • Protects Workers • CDC • Protects Patients &Workers Defense Systems • External • Skin • Tears • Mucus • Internal • Immune System • T Cells • WBC • Antibodies Immunity • Active • Made by person • Exposure to pathogen • Vaccination • Passive • Not made by person • From mother • From injection • Bacteria • Live outside cells • Complete cell • Produce spores • Respond to antibiotics • Virus • Live inside cells • DNA or RNA • Do not respond to antibiotics AIDS/HIV • • • • • Virus that infects T Cells Spread by blood & body fluids 6 month “Window of Infectability” Begins with Flu-like symptoms Can be HIV + for years before developing full-blown AIDS • 15 –24 most rapidly growing group Tuberculosis • • • • • • Bacteria that infects alveoli “Super Bug” mutation Begins with LRI symptoms Spread by air-borne droplets BCG vaccine available Most respond to antibiotics Hepatitis B/C • • • • • • Virus infects liver cells Spread by blood & body fluids Begins with Flu-like symptoms Causes jaundice Vaccine for Hepatitis B available Hepatitis C increases risk of cancer Meningitis • Bacteria or Virus infects meninges • Spread by blood, body fluids & airborne droplets • Begins with Flu-like symptoms & nuchal rigidity • “Super Bug” mutation • Bacterial treated with antibiotics Herpes II • Viral infection of skin & mucous membranes • Causes blister-like lesions • Spread by direct contact • Antivirals available • Herpetic Whitloe on fingers Fomite – inanimate object that spread infection Vector – animal or insect that spreads infection Vaccines • • • • • • MMR Hepatitis B Flu Tetanus Chicken Pox DPT Needed for Infection • Reservoir • Portal of exit • Mode of transmission • Portal of entry • Susceptible person • Sufficient number of pathogens Symptoms of Infection • • • • • • Fever Malaise Inflammation Swelling Pain Elevated WBC Antibiotic • Drug that kills microorganisms: pathogens & non-pathogens • Culture and Sensitivity • Topical, PO, IM, IV • Penicillin, Bactrin, Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Cipro Portals of Entry/Exit • Skin • Mucous Membranes • Respiratory Tract • GI Tract Components of Standard Precautions • Personal Hygiene • Protective Barriers • Environmental Controls • Cleaning and Disinfection Personal Hygiene • Daily Bathing • Hand washing • Scrubbing removes pathogens Protective Barriers • Mask – respiratory tract & mucous membranes • Goggles – mucous membranes • Gown – skin • Gloves - skin Environmental Controls • Equipment and supply placement • Red color Cleaning and Disinfecting • Clean first • Disinfect second • Dispose of all materials Cleaning removes dirt & debris – soap & water. Disinfection slows reproduction & kills most pathogens – chemicals. Bleach 10% solution. Sterilization kills all microorganisms & spores – chemicals & autoclaving. Asepsis • • • • • Medical Clean technique Concurrent Terminal Slows or kills most pathogens, but not spores • • • • • Surgical Sterile technique Prior Concurrent Kills all microorganisms and spores Post-Exposure • Wash area STAT • Report incident • Write incident report Exposure Control Plan • • • • • • Required by OSHA States hazards Transmission methods Protection methods Employer/employee responsibilities Post-exposure procedures To Clean Up Spill • • • • • • Put on gloves Soak up fluid Clean area Disinfect area Place all debris in Red Biohazard bag Wash hands Biohazard • Red colored items • Biohazard symbol
