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INSECT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY INSECT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION GENERALIZED INTERNAL ANATOMY INSECT INTERNAL ANATOMY Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut Brain and Associated Ganglia Malpighian Tubules Heart and Dorsal Aorta Ventral Nerve Chord Spiracles and Trachea INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INSECTS HAVE A “COMPLETE” DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM “Tube Within A Tube” Design INSECT ALIMENTARY CANAL IN CROSS SECTION INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE INSECT ALIMENTARY CANAL IS DIVIDED INTO THREE (3) FUNCTIONAL REGIONS: FOREGUT (STOMODEUM) MIDGUT (MESENTERON) HINDGUT (PROCTODEUM) INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE FOREGUT AND HINDGUT ARE OF ECTODERMAL ORIGIN AND LINED WITH A THIN LAYER OF CUTICLE (THE INTIMA) FOREGUT (ECTODERM) MIDGUT (ENDODERM) HINDGUT (ECTODERM) INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE MIDGUT IS OF ENDODERMAL ORIGIN AND LACKS A PROTECTIVE LAYER OF CUTICLE MIDGUT (ENDODERM) EPITHELIAL CELLS SECRETE A PROTECTIVE BARRIER LOCATION AND MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE FOREGUT, MIDGUT, HINDGUT INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM COMPLEX MOUTHPARTS PROVIDE INITIAL FOOD MANIPULATION AND PROCESSING INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SALIVARY GLANDS SALIVARIUM SALIVARY DUCT MOISTEN AND LUBRICATE MOUTHPARTS, DISSOLVE FOOD, INITIATE DIGESTION SALIVARY GLAND INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SALIVARY GLANDS Silk Moth (Bombyx mori) INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE HYPOPHARYNX IS A TONGUE-LIKE STRUCTURE WHICH AIDS IN THE INITIAL MANIPULATION AND MIXING OF FOOD. HYPOPHARYNX INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CIBARIAL MUSCLES – “CIBARIAL PUMP” AN INSECTS MOUTH IS LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE MOUTHPARTS AND SERVES AS A MUSCULAR VALVE FOR FOOD INGESTION INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CROP PHARYNX PROVENTRICULUS ESOPHAGUS CARDIAC VALVE STOMODEUM (FOREGUT) INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Digestion and Nutrient Absorption VENTRICULUS GASTRIC CAECAE PYLORIC SPHINCTER PERITROPHIC MEMBRANE MESENTERON (MIDGUT) INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MIDGUT GASTRIC CAECAE PROVIDE SITES FOR SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA, PROTOZANS, AND OTHER ORGANISMS GASTRIC CAECAE INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MALPIGHIAN TUBULES COLON WATER RETENTION and WASTE ELIMINATION ILEUM PROCTODAEUM (HINDGUT) RECTAL PADS INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INSECT FECAL MATERIAL IS CALLED “FRASS” INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE INSECT ALIMENTARY CANAL HAS PRODUCED A DIVERSITY OF CONFIGURATIONS TO FACILITATE SPECIALIZED FEEDING AND DIGESTION REQUIREMENTS INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM HINDGUT SYMBIONTS TERMITE WORKER (ISOPTERA) TERMITE HINDGUT SPIROCHAETE FLAGELLATE PROTOZOAN SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA, PROTOZANS, AND OTHER MICRORGANISMS ASSIST IN DIGESTION AND CRITICAL NUTRIENT PRODUCTION INSECT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INSECT ALIMENTARY CANAL AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION INSECT EXCRETORY SYSTEM MALPHIGIAN TUBULES INSECT EXCRETORY SYSTEM LONG, SLENDER HINDGUT FILAMENTS WHICH FILTER WASTE PRODUCTS AND TOXINS FROM THE HAEMOLYMPH MALPHIGIAN TUBULES INSECT EXCRETORY SYSTEM MALPHIGIAN TUBULES