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Aminoglycosides
Pawitra Pulbutr
M.Sc. in Pharm
(Pharmacology)
วัตถุประสงค์เชิงพฤติกรรม
• เข้าใจและอธิบายถึงกลไกการออกฤทธิ์, กลไกการดื้อยา, เภสัชจลนศาสตร์
, อาการไม่พงึ ประสงค์ท่เี กิดจากการใช้ยา, การนาไปใช้ประโยชน์ทาง
คลินิก รวมทัง้ ข้อดีและข้อเสียของยาต้านแบคทีเรียในกลุม่
aminoglycosides และ spectinomycin
Aminoglycosides
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Macromolecule … Polycations +++
Major effective on gram negative
Streptomycin
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Sisomicin
Netilmicin
Neomycin
Kanamycin
Mechanism of action
• Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors
• Passive diffusion through outer membrane
• Active O2 dependent transport through
cell membrane
• Bind at 30s subunit ribosome
– Inhibit initiation complex formation
– Miscoding of mRNA … non-function/ toxic
peptide
– Block of ribosome translocation … Breakdown
of polysome into monosome
» Irreversible … Bactericidal**
1.
2.
3.
Synergism & antagonism
• Synergism with beta-lactam antibiotics
– beta-lactam act on cell wall
– increase AGs penetration
• Antagonism with beta-lactam antibiotics
– form complex with beta-lactam ring
– loss of activity
– Should not mix together in drug preparation
Once daily Aminoglycosides
• Concentration dependent killing
– Higher peak … Higher effect
• Prolong Post Antibiotic Effects (PAEs)
• Can be given OD
• Less toxicity >>> nephrotoxicity***
– Concentration dependent … Saturation
– Time dependent
– Saturation of tubular uptake
ADRs
• Ototoxic & Nephrotoxic
• Ototoxic … auditory damage & vestibular
damage >>> irreversible
• Nephrotoxic … decrease CLcr >>>
reversible
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Continuing use > 5 days
High dose
Elderly patient
Renal insufficiency
Use with nephrotoxic agents … loop
diuretics, vancomycin, amphotericin B,
cidofovir
Clinical use
• Gram negative enteric bacteria
infection
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<PLUS Penicillins>
Enterococcal endocarditis
Viridans streptococcal endocarditis
Staphylococcal endocarditis
Others >>> Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (TB)
Spectinomycin
• Aminoglycosides like
• No amino sugar & glycosidic bonds
• Alternative for gonorrhea in penicillin
hypersensitivity in pregnancy***
• IM inj.
• No cross resistance with other drugs
used in gonorrhea
• ADRs … pain at injection site,
fever, nausea, nephrotoxic, anemia
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