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Transcript 
Web Page Design
Focus on Usability
3461
Sources





www.useit.com (Jacob Neilsen)
www.webpagesthatsuck.com (Vincent Flanders)
http://usability.gov/guidelines/
J. Johnson (2000) GUI Bloopers
W. O. Galitz (2002) The Essential Guide to
User Interface Design
 P. Greenspun (1999) Philip and Alex’s Guide
to Web Publishing
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First, understand WHY users are going
to a web site. (1 of 2)
 They want information - NOW.
 They want to purchases something- NOW.
 They want software, download, patches, and
they want it NOW.
Do you see a pattern?
Every extra button click, gratuitous animation,
poor navigational design, etc. delays the user.
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First, understand WHY users are going
to a web site. (2 of 2)
Possible web site exceptions
 Entertainment sites (movies, games)
 Nonprofit sites (setting the mood)
However for most websites the user does not
wish to be entertained, rather they want
something right away.
Remember, a competing web site is just one
click away.
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A Good Web Site is One That
 Where it is easy for users to find what they
are looking for.
 Loads quickly.
 Is easy to navigate.
 Is informative.
3461
Most of these slides are guidelines
 They are not fixed rules, rather they are rules
of thumb, guidelines, to use when starting with
nothing. Numerous exceptions exist which
depend upon the user, task, and environment.
 These guidelines are not etched in stone, they
have differed in the past and will change in
the future.
3461
Web Site Usability Guidelines from
Philip Greenspun
 A richer user interface is always harder to learn.
People who are visiting your site don’t want to
have to learn.
 More cutting edge technologies in a web site
generally decreases the usability of a web site.
 Don’t break the browser’s navigational buttons.
Users should be able to go forward and
backwards at any time during their session.
Philip and Alex’s Guide to Web Publishing (1999, Morgan Kaufmann)
3461
Common Web Usability Design Problems
 Slow downloads because of large images,
many images, unnecessary animation, etc ...
 Districting and gratuitous animation that runs
continuously in the background
 Designs that require users to scroll down or
across the page to see important content.
 Web sites that format text in fixed-width or
proportional-width blocks rather than letting
the width of the user’s browser determine the
3461
width of the text.
Design Guidelines from Tufte
 Web pages should contain information, not navigation
or administration icons. The information should
become the interface.
 Give users broad, flat overviews of the information
(table of contents), rather than forcing them through
sequential screens of choices.
 Organize your data according to expected user
interest, rather than internal structure of your
organization.
 Why use icons for navigation when words are clearer
and take up less screen space?
Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative (1997, Graphics Press)
3461
Three Click Rule
 The "Three Click Rule" states that all relevant
parts of a website should be accessible within
three mouse-clicks of the home-page.
 Do not use an entry tunnel to your website.
 Do not dictate the navigational path to your
user.
3461
USA Federal Government Regulations
Federal Government Web sites are
required to follow the Section 508
Federal (Web) Accessibility Standards.
http://www.access-board.gov
 device independence
 text alternatives to graphics and graphic links
 user controlled content display
3461
http://bobby.cost.org - automated tool
for testing accessibility requirements
3461
GUI vs. Web Page Design
 In GUI design the layout of the screen will
look exactly as specified (WYSIWYG).
However no such guarantee exists for web
pages.
3461
HTML Online tutorial
http://webreference.com/html/tutorials/
<html>
This is an <b><i>html</i></b> file.
</html>
3461
HTML Validator
http://www.anybrowser.com/validateit.html
3461
Color Selection
 When foreground and background colors are
close to the same hue, they may provide
insufficient contrast on monochrome displays
and for people with certain types of color
deficits.
 Maximum of four colors on the screen at any
one time, and in most cases two or three.
http://usability.gov/guidelines/accessibility.html#one
3461
Color Blindness (approximately 5% of males)
http://usability.gov/guidelines/accessibility.html#one
3461
www.vischeck.com
3461
Font Sizes
 Use at least a 10-point font to achieve the best
possible reading performance.
 Fonts smaller than 10-point elicited slower
performance from users. For people over 65, it
may be better to use at least 12 or 14 point.
3461
Page Length
 Use short pages (1-2 screens in length) for
 home pages and all navigation pages
 pages that need to be quickly browsed and/or
read online
 pages with very long graphics
 Use long pages (more than 2 screens) to
 match the structure of a paper counterpart
 make pages more convenient to download/print
http://usability.gov/guidelines/page_length.html#length
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Page Length example IBM home page
600 pixels
800 pixels
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Content is the Interface Example
www.yahoo.ca
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Reasons to avoid using Flash
 Flash encourages gratuitous animation
 Flash breaks web fundamentals
 The "Back" button does not work
 Link colors don't work showing which links you’ve
seen
 Flash reduces accessibility for users with
disabilities (ex. make text bigger/smaller" button
does not work)
 Flash integrates poorly with search
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Text for Web Pages
 Minimize the use of words that call attention to
the Web. Examples:
 “This Web site”
 “Click here”
 “Follow this link”
 How to test? Print out a page, read it and see if it
makes sense.
3461
Graphics on Web Sites (1 of 3)
 Use graphics as a supplement to textual
content, not as a substitute.
 Convey information that can’t be effectively
accomplished using text. (photographs, video,
diagrams)
 Enhance navigation
 presenting a site overview
 identifying site pages
 identifying content areas
3461
Graphics on Web Sites (2 of 3)
 Minimize the number of images.
More images  slower page download
 Minimize the size of images
 restrict single images to 5K
 restrict page images to 20K
 provide thumbnail size images
 Produce images in the most appropriate
format
 GIF
 JPEG
3461
Graphics on Web Sites (3 of 3)
 GIFs are limited to 256 colors, and exist in
either a dithered or nondithered format.
 dithered: color-mixing process a computer
goes through when it encounters a color not in
its palette.Palette colors are mixed to
approximate the appearance of the desired
color the resulting color may be grainy or
unacceptable
 nondithered: closest palette colors are chosen
may also produced poor results
3461
Web Palette / Browser-safe colors
www.lynda.com
Browsersafe
colors
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Internationalization (the world is watching)
 Do not use acronyms and abbreviationsdifficult/confusing to translate
 Adhere to local formats for date, time, money,
measurements, addresses, and telephone
numbers.
 Be particularly careful with images such as
 religious symbols (crosses and stars)
 the human body
 hand gestures
 flags
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Translation Expansion Requirements
(1 of 2)





Besturingselement
Olvadaci prvek
Ohjausobjekti
Steuerelement
Control
(Dutch)
(Czech)
(Finnish)
(German)
(English)
English is very concise- allow additional screen
space for translation.
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Translation Expansion Requirements
(2 of 2)
Numbers of Characters in Text
Field labels and menu options
Up to 10
11-20
Messages and on-screen instructions
21-30
31-50
Online help and documentation
51-70
Over 70
Additional Space
100-200%
80-100%
60-80%
40-60%
31-40%
30%
From National Language Technical Center, IBM (1991)
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Mystery Meat Navigation
 Vincent Flanders
http://www.fixingyourwebsite.com/mysterymeat.html
 Goes against the fundamental purposes of a
website discussed earlier.
 Examples
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Web Page Guidelines (1 of 2)
 Strike a balance between
 Textual information
 Graphics
 Links
 Avoid horizontal scrolling
 Place critical or important information at the
very top so it is always viewable when the
page is opened.
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Web Page Guidelines (2 of 2)
 Use frames with caution.
 Don’t break links. Users will bookmark the
page that interests them and not necessarily
take the path you create. (search engines)
 Provide sufficient white space (minimum 30%)
 Anticipate page breaks
3461
Home Page Guidelines
 Limit to one screen
 Clearly identify the Web site’s content and
purpose
 Elements to include:
 Site overview or map
 Navigation links to most (if not all) of the site or
major sections
 Some useful content
3461
Further Research
 When to open a new window browsers, and
when to display new content in current
browser window?
 Literature has not yet adequately answered
this question.
 Difficult question to answer, highly dependent
on the type of user, and the task involved.
3461
Related documents
Sequential vs. Event
Sequential vs. Event
So You Want A Webpage
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Helping Nonprofit Organizations Project their Voices
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PPT format
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