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Alternative Approaches:
Technical Issues and IPR
Brian Kelly
UK Web Focus
UKOLN
University of Bath
Bath, BA2 7AY
[email protected]
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Contents
• IPR Issues - Today
and Tomorrow
• Solutions:
 Applications
 Protocols
 IPR Metadata
• What Next?
UKOLN is funded by the British Library Research and Innovation Centre, the Joint
Information Systems Committee of the Higher Education Funding Councils, as well as
by project funding from the JISC’s Electronic Libraries Programme and the European
Union. UKOLN also receives support from the University of Bath where it is based.
Caching
Server Caches
• A web page states that the resource is copyright
and it cannot be downloaded for a period greater
than 30 days.
• A user downloads the page.
• The user’s browser has been configured by the
Computing Service to use an organisational and
national (JISC-funded) cache
• Is this a problem? If so, whose?
Client Caches and Off-Line Browsers
• Off-line browsers, such as WebWacker, used to
download resources to allow user to work off-line
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Look and Feel
http://www.coke.com/
Many companies (and
increasingly
universities) value their
visual identity.
But use of graphics:
• Slows down access
• Makes indexing
difficult
• Makes authoring
difficult
• Inaccessible to visually impaired:
• Speaking browsers don't work
• Can't change font size, colour, background, etc.
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Style Sheets
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS):
• Provide rich control over display
• Text resources which are network
friendly, can be indexed, etc.
• User control over display
• Good for accessibility
• Important component of Web
architecture
But what are the copyright
implications?
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Changing Context
Technologies such as
Frames can change the
context of resources on
the web by:
• Pointing to text
• Pointing to graphics
There has reportedly
been a "Babes on the
Web" page.
Document held remotely
One JISC service has reported its content has
been misappropriated in this way
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"Chunking"
Lessons learnt from teaching and learning
software projects include importance of:
• Developing libraries of small resources which can
be reused in a variety of ways
• Separating content from presentation and admin
But:
• Reuse also implies "stealing" is made easier
• Separation of intellectual content from rights
statements may cause problems
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Examples
Examples of possible IPR
infringement are shown
http://www.totalnews.com/
Content added to document
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Somebody
else's content
TotalNews
advertising
Linking
You should not need permission by link to a resource:
• Tim Berners-Lee's view
• Sensible from management perspective:
– Far too many requests would be generated
– Not clear who can make decision (the
"Webmaster?")
But:
• What is a resource (remember "chunking")?
• Linking to a "chunk" may lose ownership, AUP
information
• Shetland Times (and other) disputes
• See <URL: http://www.w3.org/IPR/>
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Linking
Although linking issues may appear simple (anyone
can add a <A HREF="xxx"> tag to a document),
complications due to:
• Frames
• Linking to a "chunk" out of context
• Other types of linking:
<IMG SRC="http://www.ed.ac.uk/graphics/
crest.gif"> is a form of link, which is probably
not allowed outside Edinburgh
Imperial College attempted to introduce no-linking
from personal pages policy in 1995, but this was
abandoned following user pressure
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Next Generation of Linking
IPR issues get more complicated as technology
develops:
XLink
• Richer hyperlinking functionality:
– Link destination loaded inline
– Link destination loaded in new window
– Link resolved on user action
– Link resolved on document load
XPointer
• Can link and process arbitrary portion of XML
document (second heading through to third
sentence after fourth image)
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Link Collections and IPR
What can I do with a collection of links on
the web?
• Follow them
• Add them to my personal bookmarks
• Give the addresses in a reading list for my
students
• Provide this reading list on the web
Is this stealing from the search engine / gateways
service?
At what point does stealing occur?
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Rights and the DNER
JISC / eLib are beginning to address rights
issues for access to licensed resources:
• Collection Level Description draft report
released recently
• Need to define access restrictions in machinereadable format
• See <URL: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/
metadata/cld/wg-report/>
Example
Search across datasets for
which I (or my University)
have the rights to access
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Rights
• Access restricted to participating
institutions
• Access restricted to UK staff / students
• Access restricted during peak hours
Application-Based Solutions
Applications software can help address IPR
problems:
• Use of Adobe Acrobat / PDF (cf. eLib projects)
• ECMS software (e.g. Imprimatur at <URL:
http://www.imprimatur.alcs.co.uk/>)
• Java solutions (graphic displayed by Java
application, not natively by browser)
But:
• Application dependent
• Cost
• Future uncertainty (e.g. Microsoft buy Adobe)
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Political Developments
Global Information Networks
• European Conference in Bonn in June 97
• Raised issues concerning Copyright, Data
Protection, etc.
• Highlighted need for technical, protocol and political
solutions
• See <URL: http://www2.echo.lu/
bonn/conference.html>
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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Response
• DSig: a web of trust
• P3P: privacy project
• IPR: intellectual property rights
• See <URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/
NOTE-eu-conf-970711>
We Need Metadata!
Metadata is the missing architectural component
from the initial implementation of the web
Addressing
URL
The W3C is developing a
machine-understandable
metadata framework which can
automate a variety of tasks
(resource discovery, content
filtering, etc.)
IPR issues could be addressed in
the same way.
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Transport Data format
HTTP
HTML
IPR
W3C's IPR activity:
• Intellectual Property Rights and the Web:
– Does use of a cache infringe copyright
– Can links to resources be made freely
–…
• Asks the contentious question:
Does the nature of the technology require us to
change the legal understanding or status of
copyright as it stands now?
• See <URL: http://www.w3.org/IPR/
Activity.html>
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P3P - Platform for Privacy
Preferences
P3P provides a spec and demos of ways of expressing
privacy practices & preferences by Web sites and users
Grammatical Model
Grammar and vocabulary for machine-readable
statements:
Data Categories: e.g. name, email, ...
Practices:
Use: e.g. system admin, research, customisation
Transfer: divulge information within organisation
Release: divulge info to other organisation
Access: ability of data subject to view information
See <URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/
NOTE-IPWG-Practices.html>
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DSig
DSig:
• W3C's Digital Signature Initiative
• Helps users to decide who to trust
• Based on digitally signed assertions:
"This web page comes from Bath University Courses
office and gives a legally binding list of courses"
• See <URL: http://www.w3.org/
Security/DSig/Activity.html>
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Authentication
Authentication:
• Important for many applications
• Currently provided by Athens
• Open Authentication Systems based on public
key technologies and certification agencies
(CAs) likely to be important in the future
• Political push from EU, Tony Blair, etc.
• UK HE from JISC:
– Funding for Digital Signatures and Certificate
Based Infrastructure Services report and pilot
– See <URL: http://www.jtap.ac.uk/
bid/c14_98.html>
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Dublin Core
Dublin Core (DC):
• Set of 15 core elements to facilitate resource
discovery
• Includes a Rights element
• Not being used - regarded as a place-holder for
an important but difficult area
Critique
• Godfrey Rust argues that DC is seriously flawed
and an integrated descriptive and rights
management metadata are needed
• See <URL: http://mirrored.ukoln.ac.uk/
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lis-journals/dlib/dlib/dlib/july98/rust/
07rust.html>
What's Happening in UK?
Number of universities
have provided guidelines
governing Internet use:
• Data Protection
• Computer Misuse
• ..
But:
• Is work being duplicated? http://www.cam.ac.uk/
CS/DPA.html
• Is it still relevant?
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What's Needed? Catalogue
of Guidelines
A catalogue of UK HE web
resources is planned:
• Uses ROADS (cf.
SOSIG, OMNI, etc.)
• Various categories
planned:
– AUP
– Guidelines for authors
– Local search engines
• Feedback welcome
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Scottish Universities may
have valuable role to
play in setting up
database of resources
What's Needed?
Rights Metadata
Desirable to:
• Rigourously define IPR statements in
machine-readable way (cf P3P)
• Follow international guidelines
• Link rights metadata with collections of
resources
But:
• How long with this take?
• Will it be suitable for our applications?
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Conclusions
• Widespread use of the Internet / ease of
publishing has increased IPR concerns
• Need to be aware of global technical
developments (esp. in W3C)
• Need to be aware of global political
developments (EU, Fifth Framework, UK)
• Need to share experiences
• Need to be aware of (implement?) technical
solutions
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