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LIS510 lecture 11 Thomas Krichel 2006-12-06 Historical part • Technological progress is not new. • Rubin starts with a useful historical overview. – he looks at the development of computers and networks in libraries – he looks at the development of the Internet, which largely happened outside libraries. early technical advances • Microphotography in the early 20th century. – It allowed to photograph sheets of paper and allow to read them with a special device • tremendous savings of storage cost • hard to read • photocopier, invented in the 1960s, was a great advance in libraries, but brought attacks from copyright holders. computers in libraries • most important application was in bibliographic data, with the development of the MARC record. • OCLC became a significant organization that allowed libraries – to share MARC records – print catalog cards – interlibrary loan facilities – acquisition support. networks in libraries • They also appeared in the 60s. this allowed for online information retrieval, eventually • In 1964 Lockheed developed the DIALOG system, offering online access to database – This system collects databases – It makes them away collectively or individually through a search interface – Access to DIALOG was limited to specialized staff. CD-ROM • This came along in the 1980. • It could hold a lot of information. • It did not need a network to be used, theoretically. In practice it was hard for two users to use the same CD-ROM without some kind of a network. • It certainly did not need a remote network. At the time that was where much of the cost was. integrated library system • This is a local computer and network application that integrates – acquisition – serials – catalog maintenance – catalog access – circulation records – collection management • These systems took a while to mature. OPAC • An OPAC is an online public access catalog. • It’s a term coined by our very own Charles R. Hildreth. • It allowed a user access to the library catalog via a computer terminal. • No need to buy catalog cards and no need to file them. • Modern ones have a web interface. linked OPACs • As more and more OPACs became open access from outside, there was more demand to search many of them at once. • A special distributed searching protocol, Z39.50 was developed over many years. • It is very complicated. • There is no public domain software implementing it. Internet • Internet is not a physical network. • It is as abstraction that allows different physical networks to work together and appear as one. • Main facilities – email – remote use of computers – file transfer – World Wide Web Internet technology • There are two basic standards – Internet protocol (IP) transfers packets of data between hosts. – Transmission control protocol (TCP) allows for a stream of communication to appear as if there was a connection. • The basic theory of the Internet goes back to Paul Baran. Al Gore did not invent it. • All the Internet boils down to is a set of technical standards. email • It is the oldest Internet application • It is also one of the most complex these days because – old protocols – never designed to deal with spam • Not likely that you will get much involved with running an email system email lists • They are not called Listservs, as Rubin thinks. • Email lists are very important information sources that are not readily found on the Web. • Knowledge and expert usage of lists make a librarian shine. • Unfortunately we don’t have time or mission to go through this here. remote computer use & file transfer • There are two common protocol – telnet – ftp for remote login and use for file transfer • Some older OPACs may be accessed with telnet • But telnet and ftp are no longer used in private transaction because they are not secure • ssh (aka secure shell) is a successor to ftp and telnet. the Web • The web is a medium that uses three standards – URI for addressing objects “on the web” – http for transferring these objects – HTML to build a hypertext system to build and navigate resources. • Since we define the web as using this, some things may only use part of these standards, thus be “less webby”. Web and libraries • Libraries have become heavily involved in – building web site – buying access to toll-gated web sites – building resources that are indirectly available on the Web • Web OPACs • archives with machine interfaces • It is important to know how the web works • Take LIS650 and LIS651. word wide web consortium • The W3C is the standards making body of the Web, run by its inventor Tim Berners Lee. • Some standards they have developed are good – HTML – XML • Many others are over-engineered. Digital libraries • Nobody really knows what they are. • Much of the LIS literature discussing digital libraries in fact addresses web sites. • I like Bill Arms’ definition best. Digital libraries share the fact that – organized on computers – available over a network – maintain procedures to • select • organize ∙ make available ∙ archive Web portal • A portal can be understood as an interface on the web, that allows you to use a digital library. • Portals can sometimes be personalized. • Portals may be used as an intermediary for online reference services. Internet2 • This is not a new version of the Internet. • It is set of technological devices that allow higher Internet speed. • Currently available to privileged US institutions and some foreign partners. technology and next generation libraries • Rutenbeck has five challenges – malleability (information changes) – selectivity (people abandon print-only) – exclusivity (not everyone has access) – vulnerability (print assets are more vulnerable) see http://www.anna-amalia-bibliothek.de/ – superficiality (some rubbish is on the Internet) digital preservation • This is hugely complicated area • keeping files is not a big deal as long as one avoids – proprietary formats – removable media • but this issue of what to preserve is tough when the contents shows lack of fixity. http://openlib.org/home/krichel Please shut down the computers now. Thank you for your attention!