Download Chapter 12

Assembly Language for Intel-Based
Computers, 5th Edition
Kip R. Irvine
Chapter 12: High-Level Language
Interface
Slide show prepared by the author
Revision date: June 4, 2006
(c) Pearson Education, 2006-2007. All rights reserved. You may modify and copy this slide show for your personal use,
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Chapter Overview
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Inline Assembly Code
Linking to C/C++ in Protected Mode
Linking to C/C++ in Real-Address Mode
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Examples
2
Why Link ASM and HLL Programs?
• Use high-level language for overall project
development
• Relieves programmer from low-level details
• Use assembly language code
•
•
•
•
Speed up critical sections of code
Access nonstandard hardware devices
Write platform-specific code
Extend the HLL's capabilities
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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3
General Conventions
• Considerations when calling assembly language
procedures from high-level languages:
• Both must use the same naming convention (rules
regarding the naming of variables and procedures)
• Both must use the same memory model, with
compatible segment names
• Both must use the same calling convention
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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4
Calling Convention
• Identifies specific registers that must be preserved by
procedures
• Determines how arguments are passed to
procedures: in registers, on the stack, in shared
memory, etc.
• Determines the order in which arguments are passed
by calling programs to procedures
• Determines whether arguments are passed by value
or by reference
• Determines how the stack pointer is restored after a
procedure call
• Determines how functions return values
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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5
External Identifiers
• An external identifier is a name that has been placed
in a module’s object file in such a way that the linker
can make the name available to other program
modules.
• The linker resolves references to external identifiers,
but can only do so if the same naming convention is
used in all program modules.
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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6
What's Next
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Inline Assembly Code
Linking to C/C++ in Protected Mode
Linking to C/C++ in Real-Address Mode
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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7
Inline Assembly Code
• Assembly language source code that is inserted directly
into a HLL program.
• Compilers such as Microsoft Visual C++ and Borland
C++ have compiler-specific directives that identify inline
ASM code.
• Efficient inline code executes quickly because CALL
and RET instructions are not required.
• Simple to code because there are no external names,
memory models, or naming conventions involved.
• Decidedly not portable because it is written for a single
platform.
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Examples
8
_asm Directive in Microsoft Visual C++
• Can be placed at the beginning of a single statement
• Or, It can mark the beginning of a block of assembly
language statements
• Syntax:
__asm
statement
__asm {
statement-1
statement-2
...
statement-n
}
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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9
Commenting Styles
All of the following comment styles are acceptable, but
the latter two are preferred:
mov
mov
mov
esi,buf
esi,buf
esi,buf
; initialize index register
// initialize index register
/* initialize index register */
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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10
You Can Do the Following . . .
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Use any instruction from the Intel instruction set
Use register names as operands
Reference function parameters by name
Reference code labels and variables that were
declared outside the asm block
Use numeric literals that incorporate either
assembler-style or C-style radix notation
Use the PTR operator in statements such as inc
BYTE PTR [esi]
Use the EVEN and ALIGN directives
Use LENGTH, TYPE, and SIZE directives
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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11
You Cannot Do the Following . . .
• Use data definition directives such as DB, DW, or
BYTE
• Use assembler operators other than PTR
• Use STRUCT, RECORD, WIDTH, and MASK
• Use the OFFSET operator (but LEA is ok)
• Use macro directives such as MACRO, REPT, IRC,
IRP
• Reference segments by name.
• (You can, however, use segment register names as
operands.)
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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12
Register Usage
• In general, you can modify EAX, EBX, ECX, and EDX
in your inline code because the compiler does not
expect these values to be preserved between
statements
• Conversely, always save and restore ESI, EDI, and
EBP.
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13
// test1.cpp - Test Inline Operators
#pragma warning (disable:4101)
// disable warning about unreferenced local variables
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout << "(this program generates no
output)\n\n";
struct Package {
long originZip;
// 4
long destinationZip; // 4
float shippingPrice; // 4
};
char myChar;
bool myBool;
short myShort;
int myInt;
long myLong;
float myFloat;
double myDouble;
Package myPackage;
long double myLongDouble;
long myLongArray[10];
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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__asm {
mov eax,myPackage.destinationZip;
mov eax,LENGTH myInt;
// 1
mov eax,LENGTH myLongArray; // 10
mov
mov
mov
mov
mov
mov
mov
mov
mov
mov
eax,TYPE myChar;
// 1
eax,TYPE myBool;
// 1
eax,TYPE myShort;
// 2
eax,TYPE myInt;
// 4
eax,TYPE myLong;
// 4
eax,TYPE myFloat;
// 4
eax,TYPE myDouble;
// 8
eax,TYPE myPackage; // 12
eax,TYPE myLongDouble; // 8
eax,TYPE myLongArray; // 4
mov eax,SIZE myLong;
// 4
mov eax,SIZE myPackage; // 12
mov eax,SIZE myLongArray; // 40
}
return 0;
}
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Examples
15
File Encryption Example
• Reads a file, encrypts it, and writes the output to
another file.
• The TranslateBuffer function uses an __asm block to
define statements that loop through a character array
and XOR each character with a predefined value.
View the Encode2.cpp program listing
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Examples
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// ENCODE2.CPP
#include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>
// Translate a buffer of <count> bytes, using an encryption
// character <eChar>. Uses an XOR operation (ASM function).
const int BUFSIZE = 200;
char buffer[BUFSIZE];
int main()
{
unsigned count;
// character count
unsigned short encryptCode;
cout << "Encryption code [0-255]? ";
cin >> encryptCode;
unsigned char encryptChar = (unsigned char) encryptCode;
ifstream infile( "infile.txt", ios::binary );
ofstream outfile( "outfile.txt", ios::binary );
cout << "Reading INFILE.TXT and creating OUTFILE.TXT...\n";
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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while (!infile.eof() )
{
infile.read(buffer, BUFSIZE );
count = infile.gcount();
__asm {
lea esi,buffer
mov ecx,count
mov al, encryptChar
L1:
xor [esi],al
inc esi
Loop L1
} // asm
outfile.write(buffer, count);
}
return 0;
}
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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18
What's Next
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Inline Assembly Code
Linking to C/C++ in Protected Mode
Linking to C/C++ in Real-Address Mode
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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19
Linking Assembly Language to Visual C++
• Basic Structure - Two Modules
• The first module, written in assembly language,
contains the external procedure
• The second module contains the C/C++ code that
starts and ends the program
• The C++ module adds the extern qualifier to the
external assembly language function prototype.
• The "C" specifier must be included to prevent name
decoration by the C++ compiler:
extern "C" functionName( parameterList );
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Name Decoration
Also known as name mangling. HLL compilers do this
to uniquely identify overloaded functions. A function
such as:
int ArraySum( int * p, int count )
would be exported as a decorated name that encodes
the return type, function name, and parameter types.
For example:
int_ArraySum_pInt_int
The
problem vary
with inname
decoration
is that
the C++
C++ compilers
the way
they decorate
function
compiler
names. assumes that your assembly language
function's name is decorated. The C++ compiler tells
the linker to look for a decorated name.
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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What's Next
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Inline Assembly Code
Linking to C/C++ in Protected Mode
Linking to C/C++ in Real-Address Mode
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Examples
22
Linking to Borland C++
• We will look at a C++ program that calls an external
assembly language procedure named ReadSector
• Reads a range of sectors from a disk drive
• Not possible with pure C++ code
• ASM code uses 16-bit MS-DOS functions
• Tools:
• 16-bit version of Borland C++ 5.01
• Borland TASM 4.0 assembler (included with Borland
C++)
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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ReadSector: Sample Output
Sector display program.
Enter drive number [1=A, 2=B, 3=C, 4=D, 5=E,...]: 1
Starting sector number to read: 0
Number of sectors to read: 20
Reading sectors 0 - 20 from Drive 1
Sector 0 -------------------------------------------------------.<.(P3j2IHC........@..................)Y...MYDISK
FAT12
.3.
....{...x..v..V.U."..~..N..........|.E...F..E.8N$}"....w.r...:f..
|f;..W.u.....V....s.3..F...f..F..V..F....v.`.F..V.. ....^...H...F
..N.a....#.r98-t.`....}..at9Nt... ;.r.....}.......t.<.t..........
..}....}.....^.f......}.}..E..N....F..V......r....p..B.-`fj.RP.Sj
[email protected].^.Iuw....'..I
nvalid system disk...Disk I/O error...Replace the disk, and then
press any key....IOSYSMSDOS
[email protected].
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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ReadSector: Source Code
Main C++ program source code
ASM ReadSector procedure source code
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Special Section: Optimizing Your Code
• The 90/10 rule: 90% of a program's CPU time is
spent executing 10% of the program's code
• We will concentrate on optimizing ASM code for
speed of execution
• Loops are the most effective place to optimize code
• Two simple ways to optimize a loop:
• Move invariant code out of the loop
• Substitute registers for variables to reduce the number
of memory accesses
• Take advantage of high-level instructions such as
XLAT, SCASB, and MOVSD.
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Loop Optimization Example
• We will write a short program that calculates and
displays the number of elapsed minutes, over a
period of n days.
• The following variables are used:
.data
days DWORD ?
minutesInDay DWORD ?
totalMinutes DWORD ?
str1 BYTE "Daily total minutes: ",0
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Sample Program Output
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
.
.
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
total
total
total
total
total
total
total
total
minutes:
minutes:
minutes:
minutes:
minutes:
minutes:
minutes:
minutes:
+1440
+2880
+4320
+5760
+7200
+8640
+10080
+11520
total
total
total
total
minutes:
minutes:
minutes:
minutes:
+67680
+69120
+70560
+72000
View the complete source code.
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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TITLE Loop Optimization Example
(Optimize.asm)
; This program calculates and displays the number of
; elapsed minutes per day, up to n days.
; Last update: 07/08/2002
INCLUDE Irvine32.inc
.data
days DWORD ?
minutesInDay DWORD ?
totalMinutes DWORD ?
str1 BYTE "Daily total minutes: ",0
.code
main PROC
call Version_1
call Version_2
call Version_3
call Version_4
exit
main ENDP
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Version 1
No optimization.
mov days,0
mov totalMinutes,0
L1:
mov eax,24
mov ebx,60
mul ebx
mov minutesInDay,eax
mov edx,totalMinutes
add edx,minutesInDay
mov totalMinutes,edx
mov edx,OFFSET str1
call WriteString
mov eax,totalMinutes
call WriteInt
call Crlf
inc days
cmp days,50
jb L1
; loop contains 15 instructions
; minutesInDay = 24 * 60
; totalMinutes += minutesInDay
; "Daily total minutes: "
; display totalMinutes
; days++
; if days < 50,
; repeat the loop
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Version 2
Move calculation of minutesInDay outside the loop, and assign EDX before the loop.
The loop now contains 10 instructions.
mov days,0
mov totalMinutes,0
mov eax,24
; minutesInDay = 24 * 60
mov ebx,60
mul ebx
mov minutesInDay,eax
mov edx,OFFSET str1
; "Daily total minutes: "
L1: mov edx,totalMinutes
add edx,minutesInDay
mov totalMinutes,edx
call WriteString
mov eax,totalMinutes
call WriteInt
call Crlf
inc days
cmp days,50
jb L1
; totalMinutes += minutesInDay
; display str1 (offset in EDX)
; display totalMinutes
; days++
; if days < 50,
; repeat the loop
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Version 3
Move totalMinutes to EAX, use EAX throughout loop. Use constant expresion for
minutesInDay calculation. The loop now contains 7 instructions.
C_minutesInDay = 24 * 60
; constant expression
mov days,0
mov totalMinutes,0
mov eax,totalMinutes
mov edx,OFFSET str1 ; "Daily total minutes: "
L1: add eax,C_minutesInDay
call WriteString
call WriteInt
call Crlf
inc days
cmp days,50
jb L1
mov totalMinutes,eax
; totalMinutes += minutesInDay
; display str1 (offset in EDX)
; display totalMinutes (EAX)
; days++
; if days < 50,
; repeat the loop
; update variable
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Version 4
Substitute ECX for the days variable. Remove initial assignments to days and
totalMinutes.
C_minutesInDay = 24 * 60
mov eax,0
mov ecx,0
mov edx,OFFSET str1
L1:
add eax,C_minutesInDay
call WriteString
call WriteInt
call Crlf
inc ecx
cmp ecx,50
jb L1
mov totalMinutes,eax
mov days,ecx
;
;
;
;
constant expression
EAX = totalMinutes
ECX = days
"Daily total minutes: "
;
;
;
;
loop contains 7 instructions
totalMinutes += minutesInDay
display str1 (offset in EDX)
display totalMinutes (EAX)
; days (ECX)++
; if days < 50,
; repeat the loop
; update variable
; update variable
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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33
Using Assembly Language to Optimize C++
• Find out how to make your C++ compiler produce an
assembly language source listing
• /FAs command-line option in Visual C++, for example
• Optimize loops for speed
• Use hardware-level I/O for optimum speed
• Use BIOS-level I/O for medium speed
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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FindArray Example
Let's write a C++ function that searches for the first matching
integer in an array. The function returns true if the integer is
found, and false if it is not:
#include "findarr.h"
bool FindArray( long
long
{
for(int i = 0; i <
if( searchVal ==
return true;
return false;
}
searchVal, long array[],
count )
count; i++)
array[i] )
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Code Produced by C++ Compiler
optimization switch turned off (1 of 3)
_searchVal$ = 8
_array$ = 12
_count$ = 16
_i$ = -4
_FindArray PROC NEAR
; 29
: {
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
push ecx
; 30
:
for(int i = 0; i < count; i++)
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], 0
jmp SHORT $L174
$L175:
mov eax, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
add eax, 1
mov DWORD PTR _i$[ebp], eax
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Code Produced by C++ Compiler
(2 of 3)
$L174:
mov
cmp
jge
; 31
:
mov
mov
mov
cmp
jne
; 32
:
mov
jmp
$L177:
; 33
:
; 34
:
jmp
ecx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
ecx, DWORD PTR _count$[ebp]
SHORT $L176
if( searchVal == array[i] )
edx, DWORD PTR _i$[ebp]
eax, DWORD PTR _array$[ebp]
ecx, DWORD PTR _searchVal$[ebp]
ecx, DWORD PTR [eax+edx*4]
SHORT $L177
return true;
al, 1
SHORT $L172
return false;
SHORT $L175
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Code Produced by C++ Compiler
(3 of 3)
$L176:
xor
al, al
$L172:
; 35
: }
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret 0
_FindArray ENDP
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
; AL = 0
; restore stack pointer
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Hand-Coded Assembly Language
(1 of 2)
true = 1
false = 0
; Stack parameters:
srchVal
equ [ebp+08]
arrayPtr equ [ebp+12]
count
equ [ebp+16]
.code
_FindArray
push
mov
push
mov
mov
mov
PROC near
ebp
ebp,esp
edi
eax, srchVal
ecx, count
edi, arrayPtr
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
; search value
; number of items
; pointer to array
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Hand-Coded Assembly Language
repne scasd
jz
returnTrue
(2 of 2)
; do the search
; ZF = 1 if found
returnFalse:
mov
al, false
jmp
short exit
returnTrue:
mov
al, true
exit:
pop
edi
pop
ebp
ret
_FindArray ENDP
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Calling C Library Functions
• Use the "C" calling convention
• Rewrite C function prototype in MASM format.
• Example:
int printf( const char *format [ , argument]...
becomes
printf PROTO C, pString:PTR BYTE, args:VARARG
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Example: Calling printf
(1 of 2)
• C/C++ Program:
extern "C" void asmMain( );
int main( )
{
double d = 3.5;
asmMain( );
return 0;
}
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
workaround to force the
compiler to load the floatingpoint library
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Example: Calling printf
(2 of 2)
• ASM Program:
Output:
TITLE asmMain.asm
.386
1234567.890
.model flat,stdcall
.stack 2000
.data
double1 REAL8 1234567.890123
formatStr BYTE "%.3f",0dh,0ah,0
.code
asmMain PROC C
INVOKE printf, ADDR formatStr, double1
ret
asmMain ENDP
END
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Creating the FindArray Project
(using Microsoft Visual Studio)
• Run Visual C++.Net and create a new project named FindArray.
• Add a blank C++ source file to the project named main.cpp. Type
the main() function that calls FindArray. View a sample.
• Add a new header file named FindArr.h to the project. This file
contains the function prototype for FindArray. View a sample.
• Create a file named Scasd.asm and place it in the project directory.
This file contains the source code for the FindArray procedure.
View a sample.
• Use ML.EXE to assemble the Scasd.asm file, producing Scasd.obj.
Do not try to link the program.
• Insert Scasd.obj into your C++ project.
• Build and run the project.
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// main.cpp - Testing the FindArray subroutine.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include "findarr.h"
int main()
{
const unsigned ARRAY_SIZE = 10000;
long array[ARRAY_SIZE];
// Fill the array with pseudorandom integers.
for(unsigned i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
array[i] = rand();
cout << "\n\n";
long searchVal;
cout << "Enter an integer to find [0 to "
<< RAND_MAX << ": ";
cin >> searchVal;
if( FindArray( searchVal, array, ARRAY_SIZE ))
cout << "Your number was found.\n";
else
cout << "Your number was not found.\n";
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
return 0;
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Summary
• Use assembly language top optimize sections of
applications written in high-level languages
• inline asm code
• linked procedures
• Naming conventions, name decoration
• Calling convention determined by HLL program
• OK to call C functions from assembly language
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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Examples
46
The End
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 5/e, 2007.
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