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Download Forces and Radioactivity
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Forces in the Atom& Radioactivity Atomic Force: Gravity Weakest of four forces Force of Attraction between Particles Atomic Force: Electromagnetic Force Opposites attract Protons-> positive Electrons-> negative Force keeps electrons orbiting nucleus Atomic Force: Weak Force Responsible for radioactivity in the atom Atomic Force: Strong Force Most powerful force Keeps protons from repelling each other Without strong force there would be no atoms Radioactivity Occurs when strong force not strong enough to hold all particles in nucleus The energy of the strong force is called binding energy Stable Verses Unstable Atoms When binding energy not enough to hold in particles atom is unstable and is radioactive When binding energy is sufficient atom is stable Radioactive Isotopes Many stable atoms have unstable isotopes that are radioactive Carbon 12 Carbon 14 is radioactive isotope Hydrogen 1 is stable Hydrogen 3 is radioactive isotope Radioactive Decay Unstable nucleus becomes stable by going through nuclear change Process called radioactive decay Three Types of Radioactive Decay Alpha Decay Beta Decay Gamma Decay Alpha Decay A Helium atom released from nucleus Atomic number decreases by 2 Mass decreases by 4 Beta Decay A neutron breaks apart to form an electron and a proton Mass remains the same Atomic number increases by 1 Transmutation When a new atoms forms from radioactive decay process is called transmutation Occurs from alpha and beta decay Gamma Decay High amount of energy released from nucleus, usually when atom goes through alpha or beta decay Nucleus makes transition to lower energy state Transuranium Elements “Synthetic” elements made by bombarding nuclei with neutrons Made in laboratory Atomic number greater than 92 Nuclear Fission Fission: Splitting atom into two smaller nuclei Continuous fission called chain reaction Chain reaction: nuclear bomb Controlled fission used in nuclear power plants Nuclear Fusion Joining of two atoms to create a larger atom Thermonuclear- need 1 million °C to occur Plasma must exist- stars, sun Hydrogen Bomb- uses fission bomb to get temps needed for fusion bomb
