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The Market Forces of
Supply and Demand
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4
Figure 1 Sabine’s Demand Schedule and Demand Curve
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Figure 2 Market Demand as the Sum of Individual
Demands
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Figure 3 Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of
ice cream
cornets
Increase
in demand
Decrease
in demand
Demand
curve, D2
Demand
curve, D1
Demand curve, D3
0
Quantity of
ice cream cornets
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Table 1 Variables That Influence Buyers
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Figure 4 Shifts in the Demand Curve versus Movements
Along the Demand Curve
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Figure 5 Häagen’s Supply Schedule and Supply Curve
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Figure 6 Market Supply as the Sum of Individual Supplies
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Figure 7 Shifts in the Supply Curve
Price of
ice cream
cornets
Supply curve, S3
Decrease
in supply
Supply
curve, S1
Supply
curve, S2
Increase
in supply
0
Quantity of
ice cream cornets
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Table 2 Variables That Influence Sellers
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Figure 8 The Equilibrium of Supply and Demand
Price of
ice cream
cornets
€ 2.00
Supply
Equilibrium
Equilibrium price
Equilibrium
quantity
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Demand
9 10 11 12 13
Quantity of ice cream cornets
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Figure 9 Markets Not in Equilibrium (1)
(a) Excess supply
Price of
ice cream
cornets
Supply
Surplus
€ 2.50
2.00
Demand
0
4
Quantity
demanded
7
10
Quantity
supplied
Quantity of
ice cream
cornets
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Figure 9 Markets Not in Equilibrium (2)
(b) Excess demand
Price of
ice cream
cornets
Supply
€ 2.00
1.50
Shortage
Demand
0
4
Quantity
supplied
7
10
Quantity of
Quantity
ice cream
demanded
cornets
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Equilibrium
• Surplus
• When price > equilibrium price, then quantity
supplied > quantity demanded.
• There is excess supply or a surplus.
• Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales, thereby
moving toward equilibrium.
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Table 3 A Three-Step Programme for Analysing Changes in
Equilibrium
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Figure 10 How an Increase in Demand Affects the
Equilibrium
Price of
ice cream
cornets
1. Hot weather increases
the demand for ice cream . . .
Supply
€ 2.50
New equilibrium
2.00
2. . . . resulting
in a higher
price . . .
Initial
equilibrium
D
D
0
7
3. . . . and a higher
quantity sold.
10
Quantity of
ice cream cornets
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Figure 11 How a Decrease in Supply Affects the
Equilibrium
Price of
ice cream
Cone
S2
1. An increase in the
price of sugar reduces
the supply of ice cream. . .
S1
New
equilibrium
€ 2.50
Initial equilibrium
2.00
2. . . . resulting
in a higher
price of ice
cream . . .
Demand
0
4
7
3. . . . and a lower
quantity sold.
Quantity of
ice cream Cones
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Figure 12 A Shift in Both Supply and Demand (i) (1)
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Figure 12 A Shift in Both Supply and Demand (i) (2)
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Figure 13 A Shift in Both Supply and Demand (ii) (1)
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Figure 13 A Shift in Both Supply and Demand (ii) (2)
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Figure 13 A Shift in Both Supply and Demand (ii) (3)
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Table 4 What Happens to Price and Quantity When Supply
or Demand Shifts?
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