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Teaching Economics Interactively: A Cannibal’s Dinner Party Hillsdale College Free Market Forum Ted Bergstrom, UCSB What I tell my Principles Students • “Taking this course is like being invited to dinner at a cannibal’s house. ‘’ • ``You may be a diner, you may be dinner… • And you probably will be both’’ A Cannibal’s Feast • Unlike astronomers, physicists, geologists, botanists, or even biologists, we have direct experience with being the object we study. • ``Economics is the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life.’’---Alfred Marshall • The classroom is a natural laboratory for study of interacting human decisions…as well as a place to learn economics. Two Interactive Devices • Classroom Market Experiments in TA Sections. • Radio Frequency Clickers in large lectures. Principles class has 500+ students. Sections have 35-50. Classroom Experiments • Each week students participate in a market experiment in the TA section. • Experiment illustrates economic principles studied in that week. • Each student’s trades and profits are recorded. (Profits count slightly toward grade.) • Data from experiment is posted on web. • Homework assignment: Process data from experiment and compare experimental results with theoretical predictions. Classroom lectures • In large lecture we discuss the theory related to the experiment. • We see how well the theory predicts experimental results. • Important lesson: Distinguish Predictions from observations. • We look at real world ``natural experiments’’ that illustrate the theory. Pedagogical objectives Persuade students that economics is not dogma to memorize, but tools for thinking about what goes on in the world. Teach them the usefulness of simple theories and the difference between theory and observation. Experimental topics • • • • • • • • Demand and Supply (and shifts in these) Sales tax incidence Price Floors and Ceilings Externalities Equilibrium with entry and exit of firms Monopoly and Oligopoly Comparative Advantage Adverse Selection and Lemons Supply and Demand Experiments • Each student assigned a role as buyer or seller. • Buyers can buy at most one unit, sellers can sell at most one unit. • Each buyer is assigned a Buyer Value and each seller a Seller Cost. Students know only their own Value or Cost. Instructor knows distribution. • Students trade in an open ``trading pit.’’ Seek most profitable deal they can find. Do not have to trade if they cannot make profit. Theoretical Prediction • After experiment is over, students are told the distribution of Buyer Values and Seller Costs. • They are asked to construct a supply curve and a demand curve and to find the competitive equilibrium price. • In homework, they compare the prices and quantities in the experimental outcome to the predictions of competitive theory. Radio Frequency Clickers • Each student has a clicker. • Questions are posted on screen at front of lecture hall. • Students respond with a letter or number. • Software records individual responses. Clicker Applications • Surveys of characteristics or opinions – Develop demand and supply curves to work with as homework exercises • Questions testing understanding of material – Inform me of what students know – Inform students of what I want them to know – Inform students of what the others know. • Classroom games and markets Survey Questions Have you ever worked in a restaurant? 66% o N s 34% Ye 1. Yes 2. No Do you have a job during the school year? 69% 14% 10% ur ... d ho an m or e 10 or 20 s, Ye s, Ye s, le s s be tw ee n th an 10 N ho u .. .. o. 6% Ye 1. No. 2. Yes, less than 10 hours per week. 3. Yes, between 10 and 20 hours per week. 4. Yes, 20 or more hours per week. Clicker Check-in Survey Do you own an Ipod? 1. Yes 2. No 80% Asked in Jan, 2006 Asked again in Jan, 2007 20% 75% yes, 25% no o N Ye s Next class: Iphones The National Market Estimating a Demand Function Question: What is the most that would you be willing to pay for an IPOD if you couldn’t get it any cheaper than that? or $3 00 ) $2 50 ) $4 00 ) $3 50 ) $5 00 ) $4 50 ) m or e 6% $2 00 ) $1 $1 50 00 ) or le ss $6 00 Willingness to pay for an IPOD 20% 16% 16% 12% 10% 9% 5% 4% 2% Homework assignment • Students were given an Excel spreadsheet with the distribution of willingnesses to pay. • They were told that I would ask the following clicker questions in class next time. What price maximizes revenue? If marginal cost is $50, what price maximizes profit? If marginal cost is $100, what price maximizes profit? Which price maximizes revenue? 69% $450 $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 19% 7% 4% 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 0% 35 0 1% 45 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Total Revenue Maximization Buyer Pct of Value class Revenue 700 6 4200 500 4 5000 450 2 5400 400 5 6800 350 9 9100 300 20 13800 250 12 14500 200 16 14800 150 16 13500 50 10 5000 Price and Revenue 16000 14000 Revenue 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Price Total Revenue and quantity $16,000 $14,000 $12,000 $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $4,000 $2,000 $0 0 20 40 60 80 100 If Marginal cost is $50, which price maximizes Apple’s profits on IPod? 77% $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 14% 8% 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 0% 30 0 1% 35 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Profit with $50 Marginal Cost per unit Buyer Pct of Quantity Var. Value class Price Demanded Revenue Cost Profit 700 6 4200 300 3900 500 10 5000 500 4500 450 12 5400 600 4800 400 17 6800 850 5950 350 26 9100 1300 7800 300 46 13800 2300 11500 250 58 14500 2900 11600 200 74 14800 3700 11100 150 90 13500 4500 9000 50 100 5000 5000 0 Profit with $100 Marginal Cost per unit Buyer Pct of Quantity Var. Value class Price Demanded Revenue Cost Profit 700 6 4200 600 3600 500 10 5000 1000 4000 450 12 5400 1200 4200 400 17 6800 1700 5100 350 26 9100 2600 6500 300 46 13800 4600 9200 250 58 14500 5800 8700 200 74 14800 7400 7400 150 90 13500 9000 4500 50 100 5000 10000 -5000 Profit with $50 Marginal Cost: Wholesale price 80% of retail Quantity 80% of Var. Demanded Revenue revenueCost Profit 6 4200 3360 300 3060 10 5000 4000 500 3500 12 5400 4320 600 3720 17 6800 5440 850 4590 26 9100 7280 1300 5980 46 13800 11040 2300 8740 58 14500 11600 2900 8700 74 14800 11840 3700 8140 90 13500 10800 4500 6300 100 5000 4000 5000 -1000 Demand Curve for Ipods $800 $700 $600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 $0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Elasticity along demand curve Price Quantity 700 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 50 6 10 12 17 26 46 58 74 90 100 Elasticity=(P/Q)(DQ/DP -2.3 -2.0 -3.8 -4.2 -5.4 -1.6 -1.4 -0.9 -0.2 Elasticity of Demand vs Price 0.0 Elasticity of Demand $0 $200 $400 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 -5.0 -6.0 Price $600 $800 What is the highest tuition at which you would have still chosen UCSB? Tuition and fees at UCSB is about $7600 for residents and $25000 for nonresidents . 23% 20% 16% 14% 11% 7% 5% 2% $5 ,0 00 50 00 Le ss th an 80 00 10 00 0 20 00 0 15 00 0 30 00 0 25 00 0 m or e 2% or $40,000 or more $30,000 $25,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $8,000 $5,000 Less than $5,000 $4 0, 00 0 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Labor Supply Question • What is the lowest hourly wage at which you would take a 10 hour per week part time job during the school year? Questions on Course Material The effect on price of a sales tax collected from buyers is the same as the effect of 1. An upward shift of the demand curve. 2. A downward shift of the demand curve . 3. An upward shift of the supply curve. 4. A downward shift of the supply curve. 93% ft .. sh ift w ar d sh w ar d ift o f. .. of t.. 3% 1% ift o ar d w w ar d sh sh ift of t.. 3% If the supply curve is horizontal, a $10 increase in the sales tax will cause the equilibrium after tax price to rise by 88% 1. By $10. 2. By less than $10. 3. By more than $10. 2% an $1 0. 0. $1 an y $1 0. 10% The demand curve has slope –1 and the supply curve has slope +2. A sales tax causes the after tax price to buyers to rise by $10. The after tax price received by sellers must have fallen 53% By $10 By $5 By $20 By $0 27% 15% B y $0 0 $2 y $5 y B $1 0 5% y 1. 2. 3. 4. Looking pretty good • Maybe they are learning something. • Let’s try another one. A profit maximizing firm will choose the amount of labor that maximizes the marginal value product of labor. 83% 1. True 2. False ls e Fa Tr ue 17% Example: Wage is $25 workers 1 2 3 4 • • • • v.output $200 $300 $350 $360 MVP $200 $100 $50 $10 Profits $175 $250 $275 $260 To maximize Marginal Value Product hire 1 To maximize profits, hire 3. What does Marginal value product rule say? Hire additional labor so long as marginal value product exceeds the wage. Worse than a roomful of monkeys? • If you want to deflate your opinion of your teaching prowess, ask your students a variant of this question. – Monopolists seek to maximize their marginal revenue or – Competitive firms seek to maximize the difference between price and marginal cost. • Students are not used to careful use of language. Classroom Games A commuting game. • You have two ways to commute from home to work. – The short way by narrow road – The long way by freeway • Commute time by freeway is always 30 minutes. • Commute time by narrow road depends on how many others take narrow road. Your choice • If N people go short way, it takes 15+N/10 minutes to make the trip. • Freeway always takes 30 minutes • You hate commuting and want to minimize travel time. • Choose your route using Clickers. We’ll do this repeatedly, simulating commuter days. Your score for the day. • You will get more points, the less your total time spent commuting. • You must choose one way or the other. If you don’t click either option, you will be assessed 1 hours commuting time for that day. Equilibrium Analysis Commuting Times 60 Freeway 50 Minutes 40 30 1 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 Number taking short way 300 350 400 450 Shortway This time I will travel by the 266 205 ay w Fr ee Sh or tw ay 1. Short way 2. Freeway Traffic Cycles? Number Choosing Short Way 300 250 Number 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 Day 5 6 7 Commuting time: time series Commuting Times 45 40 35 Minutes 30 25 Freeway 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 Day 5 6 7 Short way The wisdom of Crowds? • We can ask a question repeatedly, displaying the histogram of answers after each set of responses. • How useful is group consensus about facts? I think the distance (as the crow flies) from Paris, France to Vienna, Austria is in the range of: 2000-2500 miles 1200-2000 miles 900-1200 miles 700-900 miles 600-700 miles 500-600 miles 400-500 miles 300-400 miles 200-300 miles 24% 18% 16% 13% 12% 8% 3% 4% 2% 20 00 -2 50 0 12 m 00 ile -2 s 00 0 90 m ile 012 s 00 m 70 ile 0s 90 0 m 60 ile 0s 70 0 m 50 ile 0s 60 0 m 40 ile 0s 50 0 m 30 ile 0s 40 0 m 20 ile 0s 30 0 m ile s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The distance (as the crow flies) from Paris, France to Vienna, Austria is in the range of: 59% 2000-2500 miles 1200-2000 miles 900-1200 miles 700-900 miles 600-700 miles 500-600 miles 400-500 miles 300-400 miles 200-300 miles 18% 8% 6% 1% 1% 5% 1% 0% 20 00 -2 50 0 12 m 00 ile -2 s 00 0 90 m ile 012 s 00 m 70 ile 0s 90 0 m 60 ile 0s 70 0 m 50 ile 0s 60 0 m 40 ile 0s 50 0 m 30 ile 0s 40 0 m 20 ile 0s 30 0 m ile s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The distance (as the crow flies) from Paris, France to Vienna, Austria is in the range of: 2000-2500 miles 1200-2000 miles 900-1200 miles 700-900 miles 600-700 miles 500-600 miles 400-500 miles 300-400 miles 200-300 miles 62% 20% 6% 0% 1% 6% 4% 1% 0% 20 00 -2 50 0 12 m 00 ile -2 s 00 0 90 m ile 012 s 00 m 70 ile 0s 90 0 m 60 ile 0s 70 0 m 50 ile 0s 60 0 m 40 ile 0s 50 0 m 30 ile 0s 40 0 m 20 ile 0s 30 0 m ile s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is it exactly? 642 miles