Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 7 Competition Steven Landsburg, University of Rochester Copyright ©2005 by Thomson South-Western, a part of the Thomson Corporation. All rights reserved. Introduction • Brotherhood for the Respect, Elevation, and Advancement of Dishwashers • Impact of achieving goal – SR life better for dishwashers – LR wages of dishwashers decrease by full amount of tips • Why wages bid down by full amount of tips • Who benefits from tipping • Tools for analyzing competitive industry Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 2 Competitive Firm • Sell any quantity it wants at the going market price – Classic example farm • Serve a small part of market – Horizontal demand curve • Products are interchangeable • Buyers can easily buy from another producer Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 3 Revenue • TR = P X Q • MR ≡ P • MR curve is flat – MR curve coincides with demand curve Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 4 Firm’s Supply Decision • Produce good until MR = MC • Competitive firm produces a quantity where P = MC – Note: P ≡ MR • Supply curve – MC and supply are inverse functions – Supply curve looks like upward sloping portion of MC curve as long as MC curve upward sloping – SR and LR supply curves exist for the firm Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 5 Shutdowns and Exits • Does the producer want to produce the good? • Two distinctions – Shutdown: firm stops producing the good but still pays fixed costs – Exit: firm leaves the industry entirely and no longer faces any costs • In SR, can shutdown but not exit – Firms remains operational if P > AVC • In LR, can exit Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 6 Short-Run Supply Curve • SR supply curve identical to part of SRMC curve that lies above AVC curve – Firm shutdown otherwise • Upward slope due to average and marginal cost U-shape – Diminishing marginal returns to variable factors of production • Elasticity of supply – Percent change in quantity supplied resulting from a 1% change in price Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 7 Competitive Industry in the SR • All firms in industry competitive • Defining the SR – Period of time in which no firm can enter or exit the industry • Number of firms cannot change – LR is a period of time in which any firm that wants to can enter or leave the industry • Industry’s SR supply curve – Sum together SR supply curves of individual firms within the industry – More elastic than individual supply curves Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 8 Supply, Demand, and Equilibrium • Each firm operates where supply equals demand • Industrywide supply equals industrywide demand – Industry equilibrium consequence of optimizing behavior on part of individuals and firms Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 9 Competitive Equilibrium • Firms produces where supply (or MC) curve crosses horizontal line at market going price • Increase in FC – Price and quantity remain unchanged • Increase in VC – – – – Raises firms MC curve Causes some firms to shutdown Higher market equilibrium price Firm’s output could go up or down • Increase in industry demand – Higher market equilibrium price – Increase in firm’s output Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 10 Industry’s Costs • Sum of total cost of all individual firms • To minimize cost of all firms, use equimarginal principle – Insure that MC same for all producers in industry – Automatic because all firms have same price Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 11 Competitive Firm in the LR • Some fixed cost in SR become variable cost in the LR • Firms can enter and exit in the LR Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 12 LRMC and Supply • Operate where P = LRMC • If firm remains in industry, LR supply curve identical to LRMC curve • Firm remains as long as earn positive profit Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 13 Profit and the Exit Decision • Profit = TR – TC – Costs includes all foregone opportunities • SR versus LR supply response – LR supply curve more elastic than SR supply curve – Firm shuts down if price of output falls below average variable cost – Firm exits if price of output falls below average cost Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 14 Competitive Industry in the LR • Firms that wish to enter or exit the market can do so in the LR • Link between entry and exit and industry’s LR supply curve • LR competitive equilibrium Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 15 Zero Profit Condition • Laverne and Shirley – Economic versus accounting profit – Newspaper carrier versus lemonade stand • All firms earn zero economic profit in the LR – All firms equally efficient – Firms produce at the lowest possible average cost Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 16 Industry’s LR Supply Curve • All firms identical – Industry supply curve flat at the break-even price • Break-even price and the LR supply – Break-even price (P = AC) at which a seller earns zero profit • Changes if anything changes costs – P > AC, firm earns positive profit • Remains in industry – P < AC, firm earns negative profit • Leaves industry – LR supply curve identical with part of firm’s LRMC curve that lies above its LRAC curve Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 17 Flat LR Supply Curve • • • • Flatness based on entry and exit P < AC, all firms exit P > AC, unlimited number of firms enter LR zero profit equilibrium almost never reached – Demand and cost curves shift so often that entry and exit never settles down – Approximation to the truth Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 18 Equilibrium • LR same as SR between firm and industry – Market price determined by intersection of industrywide demand and supply – Firms face flat demand curves at market price • Analysis of changes to equilibrium – Changes in FC – Changes in VC – Changes in demand Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 19 Application: Government as a Supplier • In SR, government policy to build and operate apartment complex increasing housing • LR supply curve does not shift – Determined by break-even price – Number of privately owned apartments withdrawn from the market equals number of apartments built by government Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 20 Relaxing the Assumptions • Assumption 1: All firms are identical, have identical cost curves – True in industries that do not require unusual skills • Assumption 2: Cost curves do not change as industry expands or contracts – True in industries not large enough to affect input prices • Without these assumptions, all firms do not have the same break-even price Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 21 Relaxing the Assumptions Continued • Constant cost industry – Satisfies assumptions • Increasing cost industry – Break-even price for new entrants increases as industry expands – Assumption 1 violated: Less-efficient firms – Assumption 2 violated: Factor-price effect – LR industry supply curve slopes upward • Decreasing cost industry – Break-even price for new entrants decreases as industry expands – LR industry supply curve slopes downward Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 22 Applications • Removing a rent control • A tax on motel rooms • Tipping the busboy Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 23 Using the Competitive Model • Fundamentals of competitive analysis – Industry versus firm demand and supply – SR versus LR – Entry and exit decisions Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 24 EXHIBIT 7.4 Marginal Cost and Supply Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 25 EXHIBIT 7.7 The Competitive Firm’s Supply Responses Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 26 EXHIBIT 7.8 The Competitive Firm’s Short-Run Supply Curve Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 27 EXHIBIT 7.9 The Industry Supply Curve Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 28 EXHIBIT 7.11 The Competitive Industry and the Competitive Firm Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 29 EXHIBIT 7.12 A Rise in Marginal Costs Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 30 EXHIBIT 7.13 A Change in Demand Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 31 EXHIBIT 7.14 The Competitive Firm’s Long-Run Supply Curve Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 32 EXHIBIT 7.16 Computing the Break-even Price Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 33 EXHIBIT 7.19 A Rise in Fixed Costs Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 34 EXHIBIT 7.20 A Rise in Variable Costs Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 35 EXHIBIT 7.21 A Rise in Demand Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 36 EXHIBIT 7.24 An Increase in Costs in an IncreasingCost Industry Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 37 EXHIBIT 7.25 A Change in Demand Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition 38