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Culture and the Individual Culture, Anthropology and Psychology Disciplines • Anthropology Culture and Personality Psychological Anthropology • Psychology Cross-Cultural Psychology • Education • Interdisciplinary/Multidisciplinary Cultural Psychology Key Terminology • • • • • • • • Culture Personality Society Biology Ecology Diversity Universal traits Culture Specific Traits Culture • • • • • • Abstract Learned Shared Rules/Standards/Templates Generating Behavior Understanding experience Culture Culture is the abstract, learned, shared rules/standards/templates used to generate behavior and to interpret experience. Personality • • • • • • Characteristics of individuals Genetics Socialization Enculturation Life experience Ongoing interaction Personality • Personality is the characteristics of an individual arising from the ongoing interaction of genetics, socialization, enculturation and life experience. Society A group of people using a shared culture Biology • Anatomy • Physiology • Genetics Epigenetics • Epigenetics • Environmental on/off switches • Regulatory Genes vs Structural Genes • Environmental learning • Imprinting Ecology • Environment • Subsistence strategy • Subsistence technology Diversity Terminology • • • • • • • • • Race Ethnicity Cross Cultural Cross Ethnic (Multicultural) Cross National First, Second, Third World Developed, Developing Traditional, Modern Peripheral, Core Race An arbitrary social category used for purposes of discrimination. Ethnicity A group with which one chooses to identify on the basis of shared ancestry or heritage. Universal Traits Traits that all humans have Culture Specific Traits Traits that only occur in a particular culture or particular type of culture Key Terminology • • • • • • Absolutism Relativism Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism Reductionist Determinist Absolutism Belief that things are what they are without regard for their context/environment. Relativism Belief that things differ depending on the context/environment in which they are found/grow/develop. Ethnocentrism Judging another culture using your own culture’s rules and standards. Cultural Relativism Judging another culture using its own rules and standard’s. Reductionist Trying to explain complex phenomena using single, simple explanations. Eg. Determinism Determinism •Environmental Determinism •Economic Determinism •Ecological Determinism •Sociopolitical Determinism •Biological Determinism Levels of Analysis • • • • Population Level Community Family Individual level • Socialization • Enculturation • Acculturation Socialization The process of learning when content is consciously taught by others within the society. Enculturation The process of absorbing the culture(s) in which an individual is raised. Acculturation The process of acquiring a culture other than the one in which an individual was raised. Processes in the Individual • • • • • Ontogeny Perception Emotion Cognition Learning Ontogeny The process of growth and development in an individual organism Perception The process of detecting and interpreting stimuli from the outside world Emotion The conscious experience of a feeling or state which leads to both internal and external reactions Cognition Thought processes Learning The process of acquiring and storing information
