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Psychology: An Introduction
Benjamin Lahey
11th Edition
Slides by Kimberly Foreman
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Four:
Interplay of Nature and Nurture
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nature: Genetic Influences on
Behavior
Do genes influence
our behavior and
mental processes?
- genetic studies of
nonhuman animal
behavior
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nature: Genetic Influences on
Behavior (cont.)
Do genes influence our
behavior and mental
processes (cont.)?
-genetic studies of
human behavior:
- studies of twins:
- monozygotic
- dizygotic
- studies of adopted
children
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nature: Genetic Influences on
Behavior (cont.)
Molecular genetic
mechanisms of
inheritance:
- genes
- chromosomes
- DNA:
- nucleotides
- genes
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nature: Genetic Influences on
Behavior (cont.)
Molecular genetic mechanisms of
inheritance (cont.):
- polymorphic genes
- dominant gene
- recessive gene
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nature: Genetic Influences on
Behavior (cont.)
Molecular genetic mechanisms of
inheritance (cont.):
- polygenic traits
- X and Y chromosomes and sex
- chromosome abnormalities
- Down’s Syndrome
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nature: Genetic Influences on
Behavior (cont.)
Genes and behavior:
- influence psychological lives through the
structure of neurons and endocrine
glands
- influence physical characteristics that
influence how one views him/herself
and others respond to him/her
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nurture: Environmental
Influences
Physical environments:
- prenatal exposures:
- alcohol
- exposures during childhood and
beyond:
- water pollution
- air pollution
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Nurture: Environmental
Influences (cont.)
Social environments:
- culture, ethnicity and identity
- culture and parenting:
- collectivistic culture
- individualistic culture
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Interplay of Nature and Nurture
Gene-environment correlation:
- passive gene-environment correlation:
- action not needed to cause genes and
environments to become correlated
- active gene-environment correlation:
- correlated through the actions of the
individual
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Interplay of Nature and Nurture
(cont.)
Gene-environment interaction:
- phenomenon in which genes influence
how environments work and
environments influence how genes
work
- gene expression is variable
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sex, Gender and Human
Diversity
Gender identity and gender roles:
- gender identity:
-subjective experience of being female or male
- gender roles:
- behaviors that a culture expects of males and
females based on biological sex
- feminine
- masculine
- androgynous
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sex, Gender and Human
Diversity (cont.)
Gender similarities and differences:
- in physical characteristics
- in cognitive ability and achievement
- in emotion and social behavior
- in mating and sexual behavior
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Sex, Gender and Human
Diversity (cont.)
Origins of gender differences:
- structural differences in the brain
- biological differences that have evolved
over thousands of years
- social learning experiences associated with
gender roles
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Genetics and Psychological
Theory
Evolutionary psychology and gender
differences:
- pressures associated with hunting
- selection of dominance and aggression
- pressures created by child care
- pressures created by gender differences in
parental investment
- pressures in mate selection
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetics and Psychological
Theory (cont.)
Social-role theory of gender
differences:
- each society’s division of labor and the
different social roles that it creates
are the forces that create psychological
gender differences
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.