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RUSSIA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Russia was….. • • • • • • Only 40% ethnic Russians 80% were peasants – subsistence farmers 60%+ = illiterate Life expectancy = 40 Low tech and low investment Land ownership rare Peasants • Peasants could not leave the farm without permission • Discipline and punishments harsh – even to exile in Siberia • Drought and crop failure common • 1891 = famine + cholera and typhus = 400,000 dead • 1890 – 64 % of peasants called up for military service were declared unfit. Industrial and Urban • Number of factories doubled from 1863-1900 – Still behind western Europe • Russia was 4th largest steel producer • Tran-Siberian Railway built • However, industrialization brings problems with living/working conditions, low wages, and child labor • Trade unions banned but some strikes took place • Marxism becomes popular Power of the Proletariat SOCIAL Major Russian Rulers Ivan the Terrible 1553 - 1584 •First czar of Russia Michael Romanov 1613 - 1645 •First of Romanov Dynasty, which rules for 300 years Peter the Great 1682 - 1725 •One of Russia’s greatest reformers •Tried to westernize Catherine the Great 1762 - 1796 •Enlightened Despot – Philosophe’s fave •Expanded Empire •Tried to reform laws Nicholas I 1825-1855 •Lost the Crimean War •Married daughter of Prussia’s Wilhelm I Alexander II 1855-1881 •Sold Alaska to US •Assassinated Alexander III 1881-1894 •Institutes autocratic rule, Russification, pogroms Nicholas II 1894-1917 •Last Czar of Russia Political Issues - Alexander III • Clung to autocracy • “Dangerous” people – anyone who questioned his authority – wasn’t Russian Orthodox – or didn’t speak Russian • Used harsh measures to wipe out “dangerous” people – Strict censorship – reports from all teachers – pogroms • At best, would be exiled to Siberia The Russian Revolution The Romanovs • From 1613 to 1917 – Romanov Dynasty in Russia • Czar Nicholas II ruled Russia during World War I – He failed to solve Russia’s political, social and economic problems after the Revolution of 1905 • Two revolutions would topple the Romanov Dynasty Political Issues – Nicholas II • autocratic & ineffective • Ruler of 1/6 of earth’s total land surface • Backed by an army of 1 million and secret police • More interested in his family and hobbies than ruling • Out of touch • Had massive personal wealth Richest King EVER • Nicky’s wealth was valued at up to US$ 881 million in 1916, – Adjusted for inflation, equals more than US$300 billion in today's money. • Wealthiest monarch and head of state in history – Usually ranked somewhere between #1-5 richest person ever – #12 Bill Gates –$136 Billion – #24 Sam Walton –$65 Billion Faberge Eggs The Romanovs Tsar Nicholas II Alexandra Tatiana Marie Olga Alexei Anastasia Czar Nicholas II and his Family Czar Nicholas II and his Family The Romanov children Tsarevich Alexei Hemophilia •Caused by a single, recessive allele. •This allele codes for a blood-clotting protein. If the protein is defective, then the blood does not clot properly. •Untreated, victims often die in childhood or teen years, rarely live to adulthood. Grigory Rasputin Poet. Magician. Healer. Prophet. Holy Monk. • Peasant from Siberia • At 18, joined monastery to turn life around • Mystic & healer • Trusted advisor to Romanovs • Favorite of Czarina Alexandra • Hated by the public