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Heredity Review
Heredity – Mitosis/Cell Division
• Cell Cycle
• Mitosis..structure of chromosome
• Regulation
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Density Dependent
Density Independent
Go,
Kinase
Cyclin
Cyclin Dependent kinase
• Plants vs. Animals
Heredity – Meiosis
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Synapsis Homologous Chromosomes
Crossing Over, Chiasmata
Meiosis I vs Meiosis II
Males vs. Females
Genetic Variation
– Independent assortment
– Crossing over
– Random mating (of gametes)
Heredity – Mendelian (the monk and assistant)
• Dominant
• Recessive
• Co-dominant
• Incomplete Dominance
Heredity – Morgan (the fly guy)
• Gene Linkage
• Chromosome Map
• Sex Linkage
• Barr Bodies
• Epigenetics
Heredity – Probability
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P, F1, F2 Generations
Rule of Multiplication – be able to calculate
Test Cross
Non conventional inheritance patterns (actually, the norm!)
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Incomplete vs. codominance (are you pink or striped?)
Multiple alleles (blood type)
Epistasis (one gene alters another; skin color)
Pleiotrophy (one gene – many traits; sickle cell anemia)
Polygenic Inheritance (body height)
Linked Genes (sex linked examples)
Epigenetics (environment vs. genome)
Genomic Imprinting (mom or dad?)
Nondisjunction (oops)
• Chi Squared
Book Problems
• See p 283-284 tips and problems
• See page 303-304 problems
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• DNA – Structure
– Nucleotide
• Nitrogen Base (pairing, identity)
• Phosphate (charge)
• (Deoxy)Ribose (five carbon sugar)
– Purines, Pyrimidines
• Explanation of pairing rules
• 3’, 5’???????????????
– Euchromatin vs. heterochromatin Satellite DNA
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• Replication
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Primase
topoisomerase
Polymerase
Helicase
Ligase
Single stranded binding proteins
Primer
Leading/lagging strand
Proof-reading
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• DNA vs. RNA
– Chemical differences
– Functional differences
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• Transcription
– mRNA, Transcription factors, RNA polymerase
– TATA box
– Post transcriptional processing
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5’ cap
Poly A tail
Introns
Exons
– Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• Translation
– mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
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Codon  mRNA
Anticodon  tRNA  amino acid
Reading genetic code
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• Regulation of Gene Expression
– Transcription factors
– mRNA processing
– Eukaryotes  steroid hormones
• Euchromatin vs. heterochromatin
• Review structure of chromosome (ch 19)
– Prokaryotes  operon
• Lac operon vs. trp operon
– Promoter, operator, structural genes
Transcription of the gene:
regulation in prokaryotes
• Inducible (lac)
• Repressible (typ)
Transcription of the gene:
regulation in eukaryotes
Heredity – Molecular Basis
• What can go wrong??
– Point mutation
• Non-sense mutation – premature stop codon
• Mis-sense mutation – wrong amino acid (sickle cell)
– addtion/deletion/substitution
– Frame shift mutation
– Thymine dimers – UV radiation
Heredity – Oncogenes – p53, RAS
• The product of the
p53 gene (p53
protein) inhibits the
cell cycle and allows
time for DNA repair
mechanisms to
operate. Deficiencies
in this cell cycle
inhibiting pathway
could promote cancer
Some proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes and
tumor-suppressor genes are components of cell
signaling pathways
• The Ras protooncogene (G protein)
is part of a cell cycle
stimulating pathway.
A mutation making
this pathway
abnormally active
could result in cancer
Heredity – Biotechnology
– Viral modes of survival
– Biotechnology
• Cloning
– Transformation
» Plasmid
» Antibiotic Resistance
– PCR
• Gene splicing
– Restriction digests
» Restriction Enzyme
– Electrophoresis
• Gene Silencing
– Knockout genes
– iRNA
• Stem Cells vs. Cancer Cells!!