Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Life begins with cells by Fumi Ota February 2, 2004 1.1: The Diversity and Commonality of cells Prokaryotic Cell Cell Wall Plasma membrane Nucleoid Ribosome About 1-2μm 1.1:The Diversity and Commonality of Cells Eukaryotic cells Plasma membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Ribosome 1.2: The Molecules of a Cell Small molecules Monomers ATP Hormone Neurotransmitters Macromolecules (polymer) Protein Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) polysaccharides 1.2: The Molecules of a Cell Functions • • • • of Proteins Structural Catalytic (enzymes) Receiving information Extra-, or intracellular signals Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Transcription in nucleus (DNA → RNA) Translation in cytosol (RNA → Proteins) 1.3 : The Work of Cells Produce and break molecules Mitochondria produce ATP Proteins are made on ribosomes Lysosome (pH 5.0) clean unwanted material Receive and send information Receptor proteins on the surface Intracellular signal transduction Regulate gene expression Activators and repressors 1.3: The Work of Cells Grow and divide Mitosis • • • • G1 phase S (synthesis) phase G2 phase M (mitotic) phase Meiosis • • Die Diploid (2n) Haploid (1n) (apoptosis) 1.4: Investigating Cells and Their Parts Actual observation by microscopy light microscope (~0.2µm) electron microscope (~0.1nm) fluorescent microscope Fractionation and purification of proteins Analysis of genes mutations recombinant DNA 1.4: Investigation of Cells and Their Parts Comparison of entire genomes difference between different species (plants v.s. animals) difference between different organs / tissues (liver cells v.s. white blood cells) Studying how cells change during development differentiation assembly into tissues or organs error repairing 1.5: A Genome Perspective on Evolution All organisms have probably evolved from a common progenitor biochemical similarities among organisms many similar development-regulating genes between insects and mammals most of mutated individuals cannot survive some human disease genes related to genes in the fruit fly ?Questions? Thank you