Download Life begin with cells

Life begins with cells
by Fumi Ota
February 2, 2004
1.1: The Diversity and Commonality
of cells
 Prokaryotic
 Cell
Cell
Wall
 Plasma
membrane
 Nucleoid
 Ribosome
 About 1-2μm
1.1:The Diversity and Commonality
of Cells

Eukaryotic cells
 Plasma
membrane
 Nucleus
 Mitochondria
 Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
 Ribosome
1.2: The Molecules of a Cell

Small molecules
Monomers
 ATP
 Hormone
 Neurotransmitters


Macromolecules
(polymer)
Protein
 Nucleic acid (DNA &
RNA)
 polysaccharides

1.2: The Molecules of a Cell
 Functions
•
•
•
•
of Proteins
Structural
Catalytic (enzymes)
Receiving information
Extra-, or intracellular signals
 Nucleic Acids


(DNA and RNA)
Transcription in nucleus (DNA → RNA)
Translation in cytosol (RNA → Proteins)
1.3 : The Work of Cells
 Produce
and break molecules
 Mitochondria
produce ATP
 Proteins are made on ribosomes
 Lysosome (pH 5.0) clean unwanted material
 Receive
and send information
 Receptor
proteins on the surface
 Intracellular signal transduction
 Regulate
gene expression
 Activators
and repressors
1.3: The Work of Cells
 Grow
and divide
 Mitosis
•
•
•
•
G1 phase
S (synthesis) phase
G2 phase
M (mitotic) phase
 Meiosis
•
•
 Die
Diploid (2n)
Haploid (1n)
(apoptosis)
1.4: Investigating Cells and
Their Parts

Actual observation by
microscopy





light microscope (~0.2µm)
electron microscope
(~0.1nm)
fluorescent microscope
Fractionation and
purification of proteins
Analysis of genes


mutations
recombinant DNA
1.4: Investigation of Cells and
Their Parts

Comparison of entire genomes



difference between different species
(plants v.s. animals)
difference between different organs / tissues
(liver cells v.s. white blood cells)
Studying how cells change during
development



differentiation
assembly into tissues or organs
error repairing
1.5: A Genome Perspective on
Evolution
 All
organisms have probably evolved from
a common progenitor
 biochemical
similarities among organisms
 many similar development-regulating genes
between insects and mammals
 most of mutated individuals cannot survive
 some human disease genes related to genes
in the fruit fly
?Questions?
Thank you