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Milk Protein Production Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA Promoter Exon 1 Intron 1 Exon 2 Intron 2 Exon 3 Transcription AATAAA Unspliced RNA Exon 1 Intron 1 Exon 1 Spliced mRNA Exon 2 Exon 2 Intron 2 Exon 3 Exon 3 AATAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA Translation AATAAA Pre-Protein Signal Peptide Protein Mature Protein Mature Protein AAAAAAAAAAAA Gene and RNA Structure Bovine Beta-Casein Gene Part 1 TCGAATCCATCTCTATCAATTAATGTAATTCAAAATTGGTGAGAGACAGTCATTAGGAAATTCTCTGTTTATTGCACAATATGTAAAGCATCTTCCTGAGAAAAGGGAAATGTTGAATGG GAAGGACATGCTTTCTTTTGTATTCCTTTTCTCAGAAATCACACTTTTTTGCCTGTGGCCTTGGCAACCAAAAGCTAACACATAAAGAAAGGCATATGAAGTAGCCAAGGCCTTTTCTAG TTATATCTATGACACTGAGTTCATTTCATCATTTATTTTCCTGACTTCCTCCTGGGCCATATGAGCAGTCTTAGAATGAATATTAGCTGAATAATCCAAATGCATAGTAGATGTTGATTTG GGTTTTCTAAGCAATACAAGACTTCTATGACAGTGAGATGTATTACCATCCAACACACATCTCAGCATGATATAAATGTAAGGTATATTGTGAAGAAAAATTATCAATTATGTCAAAGTGC TTACTTTAGAAGATCATCTATCTGTCCCAAAGCTGTGAATATATATATTGAACATAATTAATAGACGAAACAAACCTTGTAAAAATGAGTAGTGTAAAATACAACTACATTTATGAACATCT ATCACTAAAGAGGCAAAGAAAGTTGAGGACTGCTTTTGTAAATGGGCTCTTATTAATGAAAAGTACTTTTGAGGTCTGGCTTAGACTCTATTGTAGTACTTATGGTAAGACCCTCCTCTT GTCTGGGCTTTCATTTTCTTTCTTCCTTCCCTCATTTGCCCTTCCATGAATACTAGCTGATAAACATTGACTCACTATAAAAGATATGAGGCCAAACTTGAGCTGTCCATTTTAATAAATC TGTATAAATAATATTTGTTCTACAGAAGTATCTCTAAATAAATGTACTTTCTCTCTTAAAATCCCTCAACAAATCCCCACTATCTAGAGAATAAGATTGACATTCCCTGGAGTCACAGCAT GCTTTGTCTGCCATTATCTGACCCCTTTCTCTTTCTCTCTTCTCACCTCCATCTACTCCTTTTTCCTTGCAATACATGACCCAGATTCACTGTTTGATTTGGCTTGCATGTGTGTGTGCTG AGTTGTGTCTCACTCTTGTCAACCCCATGAATGACAGTCCACCAGGCTCCACTATTTCCAGTTAAGAATACTGGAGTGGATTGTGTTTCCTACTTCATTTGATTAATTTAGTGACTTTTTA AATTTTTTTCCATATTCAGGAGGCTATTCTTTCCTTTTAGTCTATACTGTCTTCGCTCTTCAGGTCTAAGCTATCATCATGTGCTTGTTAGCTTGTTTCTTTCTCCATTATAGCATAAACAC TAACAACTATTCAGGTTAGCATGAGATTGTGTTCTTTGTGTGGCCTGTGTATTTCTGGTGTGTATTAGAATTTACCCCAAGATCTCAAAGACCCACCGAATACTAAAGAGACCTCATTGT AGTTACAATAATTTGGGGACTGGGCCAAAACTTCCGTGTGTCCCAGCCAAGGTCTGTAGCTACTGGACAATTTAATTTCCTTTATCAGATTGTGAATTATTCCCTTTAAAATGCTCCCCA GAATTTTTGGGGACAGAAAAATAGGAAGAATTCATTTTCTAATCATGCAGATTTCTAGGAATTCAAATCCACTATTGGTTTTATTTCAAACCACAAAATTAGCATGCCATTAAATACTATAT ATAAACAACCACAAAATCAGATCATTATCCATTCAGCTCCTCCTTCACTTCTTGTCCTCTACTTTGGAAAAAAGGTAAGAATCTCAGATATAATTTCATTGTATCTGCTACTCATCTTTATT TCAGACTAGGTTAAAATGTAGAAAGAACATAATTGCTTAAAATAGATCTTAAAAATAAGGATGTTTAAGATAAAGTTTACAGTATTTTCAGCAAATTTGTTAAAAAATAGAAGCAACTATAA AGATTTGTAACAGTGGTTGCTATTTTCTTTACCACGAGACTAGTTAACAGGCTGTATTAAAAGATCTTTTCTTGAATTAAATATTTTCAATTTGATTAAACATACCTCAGCCATAAAGGCAA GCACATTTAATTTATACTATGGGAATTTGAATAATTGTTACTGAAGAAGCTCTACCAACAAAAAGTTTATAGAGCTAGCATATTTAGTCAAGAGATAAAGAGGGTTGTTAGGATACATGT GCTATTTGAAAGGTATTTATAAAAGAAGAGTATATTTATTAAAATTGCTCAGAACATCCAAATTTCAAGTTTATCATTTATCTTACAATATTTCAAAAATATTAAAATAGATACATGAAATAC AGAAGTAAATTAAAGAGAAAGTATTTTATTTTGTAAAAAAAAATTCTAGGTTGGACAGGGAGTACCAGGAAACAAAAAACAATGAAAAATGTGATCTGACAGAAATTATAGCTCAAAGTA TAGTAGTCAGTAATGAAATGGCTTAAAAATTGGCATATAAAATGCTAATTATAAAATAAACAAAATGTAATAATACCCTCCCTACATGTAATGAACTCTGAGTATTATACTCTTTTTTGAAG TCTTGACAATGAAAATTTATTTAGACTTTTATAGACATCTTGGATAAAGTAAAACAAATTACGAATTAGCATCCATGAGAAAAATATAGAAAAATTTCTTAATGTAGTTTGCAAATCTGGGG ATTGAAGATGTGTGTCAAGAGATTGTGATGGCAGACATTTTTTTTCAGACTATAAAATGCACAAACAACCATTTAATACATTTTGGTCAAAAATAGTATGTATTTTATTTTATGCTACAGGA GAGTAGTCTAAAGTAGGACTGGGCAGAGATCTGACACCCTGGTAATCACCGAGAGATAGTACACAGTCTCTGTAGAGAAAATAAGCATAGTGTATGATCTCTAAAATTATGTGGACAA AGGGGAGATAACATTAGGCATGTGGGGATGAAGACTGAGTACAGAAGAACAATCTAGTCAGTCCAAGAAAACATGTGGATCAATGGAACAAATAGAAGAAATGCTAAAATGAAACAGA AGTCTTACTGGAAATAAAAGATATGAGGAAGACAAACATTCATGAAAATCACTTAGTTTAGTAGAGAAAAGATAAAAATAAAGTATTACCTTCTTCTTCATATACATTGTTTGATCAGATG CCCCTCAATAAAACTGAGTCTCCAACAGAACTGAAACTTTAATATTTTGTTCACTGCTCTAATCCCAGAATCTAAGACATATCTGGCAATAAAAATTAATAAATAAATATTTTTAATAAGTA AATCAATCACTTAATTTTTCTGTAAGTATCTGTAACTTCTCTTCTGTCTTTCCAAAAAACACTCATAAGTACTGTGAATAAGATGAAAAGAGTGAAATAAGATATAGGCTGTTAGCTGAAA ACATCTGGATGGCTGGCAGTGAAACATTAACTTGAAATGTAAGATTAATGAGTAATAGTAAATTTTAACCTTGGCCGTATGATAAAATGTCTATTAATATTTTTCTAAAATACAGGGCTTT TTGTTTTTGCCATGAGGTTTGCAGGATCTTGGTTCCCTGATGAGGGATCAAACCTGGGCTCCCCTGGAAGCACGGAGTCTTAGATATTTGTATTATACACTATCTTTGGTTTCTTTTAAA GGGAAGTAATTCTACTTAAATAAGAAAATAGATTGACAAGTAATACACTATTTCCTCATCTTCCCATTCCCAGGAATTGAGAGCCATGAAGGTCCTCATCCTTGCCTGCCTGGTGGCTCT GGCCCTTGCAAGAGAGGTAAATACAGAAAAAATGTTGAAATAAATAAGACTAGTACTATCTGCTATGTGTAGAAAATTCATTACCAACATTGTAAATGTATAAATAATGCACAATCTCAG ATTTTTTTTGAATGCTAAGAAAGTCATTTACGTTCATCCACTATCTCAGTAGTATCCTATGGGACCACAAGTCTGAGTCTAGTGCTTTCTATAGTATTGTACCATCTGTACCATCAATCCC TAAAGAAAAAAGAAAATAAACCAATAAGCAACAGACTAACAAGAAGGAACACAGATAAGAACAAAAAGTGAGTAATATTGCATAAATACAATTGCATGCATATACAATCTAGATAAATAT ATCTTATTCCAGTGATGAAATATTTGTATCCCTTACTGTAGAGTGCTAGGTTTAGCTGTGTCTATTCAACACAGGATGATACTCCAGAGGATGGTATATCAGACAACAATAATAAATATG TTCATAATTATAATAAAAAGTGTTCAGTAAAAATTAAAATAACTCCTTTTCTGTTACCCATAAAAACTCTTCATTAAAGTAAAACAAAAATATACTAATGAAAGTTACTAAATTTAAAAGACT CTCAAAAGACATATAACATTTTTATTTTTCAGATTTGTGAAATAGATAGCTCTGAATAAAGCAAGTAAAAATTAGGTAGGAAAATATTTAATAATGAGTTGACTGTGGGAACTAAAGTGTT TTTTTTTCTCTTTAGCTGGAAGAACTCAATGTACCTGGTGAGGTAAGATATTTTTATACAAAGAAAAAAATTAATTTAACTGTAAAATAGTAACAGTCTCTAATGATCTGGCAGAAGACTC AGCTAATTGTCAATTTTTATTTTTCCTTTATAGATTGTGGAAAGCCTTTCAAGCAGTGAGGTAAGATAGTGTTCATTCAGAGGCAATTTCCCAAATTTAGAGCAATAAAATGCTGTATTAT CTTTTTGTGTTAC Bovine Beta-Casein Gene Part 2 ATTAATGGCAACCCACTCCAGTATTCTTGCCTGGAAAATCCCATAGAGGAGGAGCCTGGTAGGCTGCAGTCCACGGGGTCGCTAAGAGTCGGACAGGACTGAGCGACTTCCCTTTCA CTTTTCACTTTCATGCCTTGGAGAAGGAAATGGCAACCCACTCCAGTTTTCTTGCCGGGAGAATCCCAGGGACGGGGGAGCCTGGTGGGCTGCCGTCTATGGGGGTCGCACAGAGT TGGACACGACTGAAGCGACTTAGCAGTAGCAGCAGCAGGACAGTTAAGGTTTCTCTAATAGCTCAGTTGGTAAAGAATCTGCCTGCAGTGCAGGAGGACCCTGGGTTCGATTCCTCA AGATCTGCAGGAGAAGGGATAGGCTACCCATTCCAGTGTTCTTTAAGCCAATGTGGCTATGTACTGACGGGTAACTATTGTCAATTTCCACTCTGTATATTTAAAGGAATAAATGTGTA GAAGGTTTAATATTCTAGTAATTTCTAAATGGGTTTGTTATTTGAAATTGTGTCATTGTGCCCTGCTTTTTTTCCTTAATGAACTGTACAGTCCTCTTTTCTGTCTTGAACTTTCTATGTTAA CCTCCTTCCATGCTTTGGCATTTATTGAGCACTTTCTGTTTCAGACTTTGACTAGGAACTGCAGTACAAACTAGAAAGAGGGATGCCCTTTGTAAAGTGTGAGCAGACATGCAAATGGA CATATTTTATTATTATACAAGCAATCCAGTACACAAGAGGCAGTGAGAATGAGTGTAGTCCTAAATCTGCCTGGTGGAATGAGGTAGATAATAACCCTATGCCACTCTTTTTGGCTCTGT CATCAGCTGTTGGTTAAATAGTGCATCAATATACTTTGTCTCTTCACAAAGGTCAAAAGATGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTAAGTCGCTTCAGTCATGTCCGACTCTGTGCGACCTCATAGATG GCAGCCTGCCAGGCTCCCCCATCCCTGGGATTCTCCAGGCAAGAATACTGGAGTGGGTTGCCATTTCCTATTCCAATGCATAAAAGTGAAAAGTGAAAGTGAAGTCGCTCAGTCGTG TCCGACTCCTAGTGACCCCGTGGACTGCAGCCTACCAGGCTCCTCCATCCATGGGATTTTCCAGGCAAGAGTACTGGAGTGGGTTGCCATTGCCATCTCCAAAGATCCTTATAGGAG GGTATGTATTTCTTATAATTCATTAGAAGCCTAAACATAACCAGGGAACTAAGAATGATTAACAAGTTCATGCGTGGTTATTATTATATATTTTCAATGACTATTATTCTTTTAGAACCAGA TGAAAATATTAGAGATCATTTGTTGTCCTAAGGAGAGAACAGGATGATTGAGAGACATGTATGCATGCAAAGTTACTTCAGCCCTTTCCAACTCTGTATGACCCTATGGACTGTAACCT GCCAGGTTCCTCTGTCTATGGGATTCTCCAGGCAAGAATACAGGAGTGGGTTGTCATCTCCTCCAGGGCCTAGGAATTGACCTGCATCTCTTACGTCTCCTGCATTGGCAGGCAGGTT CTTTACCACTAGCACCACCTGGAAGCCCGATTAGTATCTGTTAAATGCCTCTTTGAGTACTATGCTCTCTAATCCTCTTTTTCTTGATTGCATCATCTTTCTTTTTATACAACAGCCTTATT CAGAAGAGTGGAACATAAACTTTCAGCCATAAAATAATGATATTATCAAATGAGCTGTCCATATTAATCTATTAAATTTCTTCATTTTCTGATTTATGTTGACAAATAAGAATTTTTTTTAAA GCTAGACCTGATTTTATTTTTATTTTTCCAAAGGAATCTATTACACGCATCAATAAGGTAAAACCCCTCATATTTAAATGTACATTTTTTTAAATTTCATGTTTGATTTTTATAAACAGCATT TCTTTATGTATTTTTTTTTTAACCAGAAAATTGAGAAGTTTCAGAGTGAGGAACAGCAGCAAACAGAGGTAATTTGTTCACTATGAGTATATTTTGAGAAGTATTATGAAACATAACACAT AAAAAGATTTATAATAATTATGTTCAGTCTAAGAATGGTAATATAAATGTCAGTGCAAGAAATAAAAACTTTGACAAAATGAAAATATTTTAAAAATATAAACGCATTTTAAAACACATAAT CAAATTTCACAGTATAGAATAAATAGCTAAGAATAATTATTGATGTATTCATTTTACTAATGGTATACCTGGTTTTAATAACTGCATATTAGTAGGAACATTTCCAGACTAGGGACTGTGAT CCCCTTATTCTAATGATGGATATGCTGATGAAAGACAGTAGGGTGACAGTGTGGCACTAATCCTCATCTGATCATTTATCAGCTGTATAACCTTGGCTCCATGTTTCTCTGTACATCATT TTCTTCACCTGTAAATTGAGAATATTCATAATTACCCAGAGTTGATGAACTGACACACAATGAATATTCAGTGGTTTTATATTATATTTGATAGCTTTTATACTCACATTTATGGATGTGTG GAGTTCTAAAAAGTATTTCCATTGCCCAGATGAGAGAAGTGAGGTACAGGACAATTGAGTATGCAAATGTGTGACCATACCACATAGTTATTAAATAGCAGAACTTGCTTAAAAACAAG GATTTGCGGACAATGTAAAATTCTTTCATTATATTACTCTTGTGGTAACATATTTATCTAATTATGATATTTAAGCTTTCCTCTTTTATAATTGAAGTTTGATTGTTTGGCACTTAGGCCAAA TTCTAAATCAAAATGAATTTACAACTTGATGCCTTTGAAGACTCAAGATTACCACCTTCTACCAAGAGAAGTAGTGCTAGAAGTTGGCCATTGTTAAGGAACTCCTTGAATTAAAAAAAC ACATATTAAGACTTAGTTTTCATTAAAACAAACAAAAATAAACCTCAGAGTAACTTTTAAAGTCTTTTTAAAATGGATCTTTCTTTGTTATATGAAACCAGTTTGGACTATTATCCAAAGTAT GTAGCTACCACTCTGCAGGAACTCAGGAAGAGGTGGAATAAGTGTTGAAATCTCCAAACCCTGATTTCACTTGACTCTCTGATTTCACCTGTGAAGAAAGTGGGTTAATGAGAAATCCT TCAGTGAGCATTTTACTCATTAGTCTTCATATGACCCCAATTTCTTAACCAAACCAAATGGAAGATTTTCTTTCTCTCTCTTCACTGAATTATGTTTTAAAAAGAGGAGGATAATTCATCAT GAATAACAATTATAACTGGATTATGGACTCAAAGATTTGTTTTCCTTCTTTCCAGGATGAACTCCAGGATAAAATCCACCCCTTTGCCCAGACACAGTCTCTAGTCTATCCCTTCCCTGG ACCCATCCATAACAGCCTCCCACAAAACATCCCTCCTCTTACTCAAACCCCTGTGGTGGTGCCGCCTTTCCTTCAGCCTGAAGTAATGGGAGTCTCCAAAGTGAAGGAGGCTATGGCT CCTAAGCACAAAGAAATGCCCTTCCCTAAATATCCAGTTGAGCCCTTTACTGAAAGCCAGAGCCTGACTCTCACTGATGTTGAAAATCTGCACCTTCCTCTGCCTCTGCTCCAGTCTTG GATGCACCAGCCTCACCAGCCTCTTCCTCCAACTGTCATGTTTCCTCCTCAGTCCGTGCTGTCCCTTTCTCAGTCCAAAGTCCTGCCTGTTCCCCAGAAAGCAGTGCCCTATCCCCAG AGAGATATGCCCATTCAGGCCTTTCTGCTGTACCAGGAGCCTGTACTCGGTCCTGTCCGGGGACCCTTCCCTATTATTGTAAGTCTAAATTTACTAACTGTGCCTGTTTAACTTCTGAT GTTTGTATGATATTCGAGTAATTAAGAGTCCTATAAAAAAATGAATAATGAATGGTTCCAAAATAAGCATAGCTGAGATTAATGATTGTCAGCATTAGTTATAAATAGAATAAGCTGGAGA ACCTTCACCTCCCCTCCACCACCAGATCTCAATGTCTAGGCTTACCCGTGGAGATTCTGATGTAATTGTTCTTTCTATGTAGAAGAAACTTATTGGGAAGAAATAATATAATGGACTATG ATTTAATTGGTCTGTTGAGAACCAATTAAATTAGATGAAAGCGATTAAGTACAATAAAGCCAAAATTGAATTTGATAATCTCATTTGGCTAAGAATAACAAACCTAAGAAGGTTTGCTATT TTCTACAATTTTGAAGTTCTCCTTATGCACAATTATTTCACCACATGACTCATTTCACATCGTGTTTTTGATATATGAGCATATGAGGGAAAAATACTGAGATGCTTATTTCAATACTCAGG GAAAATTTATTGCCAAAAGGCAAGAAATGTATAATTCATTCACTTATTTTATTTTATTATTTTTTTTATTTTTAAGGTCTAAGAGGATTTCAAAGTGAATGCCCCCTCCTCACTTTTGGTAAG CTTTAGGATATTGGAGGCAGACTGATCATTTTTATAGTTAATATCTTTTACATTTCATTTTCCTGGATAAGCCCCAATAGTAGCAATTTCCATCAGTGTACCAGCTTAAAGATTAATTATAA ATTTATTTTCAATGATTGACTGTTATTTACTGGCCTGAAATTATGTATCTGTTATATTTCAAATAATGCAAAACTGTATATATATGGTGTTTACAGATTTGATTGGTTTTCTTTCAATAGCCT ATATCCTTATTATTGATTGTCATCATTTATAGAAAAAACTGAAAATAATTTCTTATACTTTTATGTAAACCTGTTAGAGCTTATTTTAAAGATCAACTGCATTCACATTTCTAATCTAGTCATT ATGAGCTTCAATAGTTTTATCTCACTTAAAATATATATATTGTCTTTTAATTCATGAGTCAAAATACAATCTCACAGTCCAGATATGGGACTTAAAAGGGGGATAGAATATAGTTTTGATAT TCTTAACAATACACATCCTTTTGTGATCATGATTCAGCAGACATTTAATAAAATGATTCCAAGTAAGCCGATGTTTGGTCCTAGAGGAATTTTTATAACCTTTAAGAGAAGGCATAGCATG GTGTTTTTGTAATAAGATTTCTTTTATGAAAAAGTCACACCAAAATTGCAAATGGGGGTGAGATGAAGAGTTATAACATATAACTAAATCTATGTTTGTTCTCTATTCCACAGAATTGACT GCGACTGGAAATATGGCAACTTTTCAATCCTTGCATCATGTTACTAAGATAATTTTTAAATGAGTATACATGGAACAAAAAATGAAACTTTATTCCTTTATTTATTTTATGCTTTTTCATCTT AATTTGAATTTGAGTCATAAACTATATATTTCAAAATTTTAATTCAACATTAGCATAAAAGTTCAATTTTAACTTGGAAATATCATGAACATATCAAAATATGTATAAAAATAATTTCTGGAA TTGTGATTATTATTTCTTTAAGAATCTATTTCCTAACCAGTCATTTCAATAAATTAATCCTTAGGCATATTTAAGTTTTCTTGTCTTTATTATATTTTTTTTAATGAAATTGGTCTCTTTATTGT TAACTTAAATTTATCTTTGATGTTAAAAAGAGCTGTGGAAAATTAAAATTGGATAGAATTC RNA Processing Binding of General Transcription Factors to DNA Binding of RNA Polymerase II to the Transcription Complex Controlling mRNA Transcription Formation of a Stable Initiation Complex Initiation of Transcription RNA Transcription mRNA Capping mRNA Polyadenylation mRNA Splicing Final Structure of Milk Protein mRNA’s Milk Protein mRNA Degradation Milk Protein mRNA Stabilization Factors Cortisol and Prolactin induce production of mRNA stabilization factors to prevent degradation by nucleases. Control of Milk Protein Transcription Inhibiting Milk Protein Gene Transcription Milk Protein Transcription Inhibition Progesterone induces LIF production, so LIF is involved in the progesterone inhibition of lactation mRNA Destablization Model for Milk Protein Transcription During Pregnancy Model for Milk Protein Transcription During Lactation Milk Protein Translation Ribosome Structure Initiation of Protein Synthesis Identification of the Initiation Codon Protein Translation Termination of Protein Synthesis Milk Protein Production Signal Peptide Function Signal Peptide Cleavage Completion of Protein Synthesis Glycosylation of Milk Proteins Glycosylation of Milk Proteins Phosphorylation of the Caseins Regulation of Protein Synthesis Mammary Epithelial Cell Cartoon Transgenic Animals •Animals that contain DNA (Genes) that they would not obtain through normal breeding or mating practices. •Genes can be introduced across breed, species or kingdom. •The gene is stable once incorporated into the animal. •The gene is passed on to the animals offspring in a normal fashion Transgenic Animals DNA Microinjection into the Embryo Gene Knock-out Mice Gene Knock-out Mice Gene Knock-out Mice
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