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Banding: Different extents of
chromatin condensation
Allele names according to phenotype
amorph
NULL
R~
R~
hypomorph
Wild type
R
R
hypermorph
R
R
neomorph
R~
R~
Standard Dominant – Recessive
Haploinsufficiency
Human Karyotype – Trisomy 21
Lyse Cell and its Nucleus 
‫אי‪-‬הפרדה‬
‫‪non- disjunction‬‬
‫‪junction‬‬
‫אי ‪ -‬הפרדה‬
‫הפרדת – כרומ‪.‬‬
‫חיבור‬
Non-disjunction in Meiosis I:
Animation 18.1a
Non-disjunction in Meiosis II:
Animation 18.1b
Patau
Edwards
Down
Animation 17.2b
Monosomy:
Karyotype minus 1 chromosome homolog
‫חסר עותק (הומולוג) אחד של כרומוזום‬
Nullisomy:
Karyotype minus both chromosome’s homologs
‫שני העותקים (הומולוגים) של כרומוזום אחד חסרים‬
An example:
In males
X+Y
X+Y
X
Y
X+X
X
Y
Y
Y
An example:
In females
X1+X2
X1
X1+X2
X2
X1 + X1
X1
X2
X2
X2
XXY - Kleinfeldter
XO - Turner
Sex-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
(absence of sweat glands in blue areas)
XXX, XXY, XXYY
2n
4n
‫צנון‬
‫כרוב‬
Nullisomics of modern (hexaploid) wheat