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Biochemistry Matter • Anything that has mass and takes up space Atoms • basic building blocks of matter that make up everyday objects – 90 naturally occurring kinds of atoms – Scientists have been able to make about 25 more Element • Made of only 1 type of atom Elements to Know • • • • • Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Compounds • 2 or more types of atoms combined in a fixed ratio • H2O: Water • CO2: Carbon Dioxide Water • Polar molecule: molecule with regions of + and – charges • Cohesion: attraction between molecules of the same substance • Adhesion: attraction between molecules of 2 different substances – Capillary action • Solid ice is less dense than liquid water Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds • Organic Compounds: contain carbon – Almost always contains hydrogen – Usually contain oxygen and nitrogen • Inorganic Compounds: do not contain carbon – Exceptions • Carbon dioxide • Calcium carbonate Macromolecules • Large molecules formed by joining smaller molecules together • Biological Macromolecules are arranged in 4 categories – (1) Carbohydrates – (2) Lipids – (3) Proteins – (4) Nucleic Acids Polymers • Molecules made from repeating units of monomers (small molecule) Monomer Polymer Monomers Polymers 1. Carbohydrates • Store energy and provide structural support • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Formula (CH2O)n – n indicates # of units in the chain Carbohydrates • Sugars (end in –ose) – Monosaccharides: 1 sugar – Disaccharides: 2 sugars – Polysaccharides: many sugars Storage of Sugars • organisms store excess sugar in polysaccharides – Starch: plants – Glycogen: animal Structure • Cellulose: cell wall in plants • Chitin: shells of insects How are disaccharides and polysaccharides made from monosaccharides? • Dehydration Synthesis: Putting together Removing water How are polysaccharides and disaccharides broken back down into monosaccharides? • Hydrolysis: add water to break bond 2. Lipids • Fats, oils, waxes • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Part of cell structures and serve as back up energy supply Fat structure • Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (combined by dehydration synthesis) hydrophobic hydrophillic Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats • Saturated: all single Carbon to Carbon bonds (straight chain) butter oils • Unsaturated: one or more double bonds (bent chain) 3. Proteins • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen – Can contain sulfur and phosphorous • Cell communication, enzymes, structure, antibodies Amino Acid Amino group Carboxyl group 20 Amino Acids Protein Structure • Amino acids bonded together by dehydration synthesis Peptide Bond • Bond which forms between amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another amino acid • Dipeptide: 2 amino acids bonded together • Polypeptide: long chain of amino acids 4. Nucleic Acids • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and nitrogen • Include DNA and RNA Hereditary material protein synthesis DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Long chain of repeating nucleotides – 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogen base 2 strands Double helix RNA • Ribonucleic acid • 5 carbon sugar (ribose), phosphate group, nitrogen base One Strand Deoxyribose vs. Ribose Macromolecule (Polymer) Lipids Building Block (Monomer) Monosaccharides (sugars) Fatty Acids Proteins Amino Acids Nucleic Acid Nucleotides Carbohydrate