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Figure 4.0 Protein
Figure 4.1 Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds under “early Earth” conditions
Figure 4.2 The shapes of three simple organic molecules
Figure 4.2x Shapes of Molecules
Ethane
Methane
Ethene
Figure 4.3 Valences for the major elements of organic molecules
Figure 4.x1 Urea
Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons
Figure 4.4x Hydrocarbons: molecular models
Butane
Isobutane
Hexane
Cyclohexane
Figure 4.5 The role of hydrocarbons in fats
Figure 4.6 Three types of isomers
Figure 4.6ax Structural isomers
Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers
Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds
Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones
Figure 4.8x1 Estrone and testosterone
Figure 4.8x2 Male and female mallards
Figure 4.8x3 Male and female peacocks
Figure 4.8x4 Male and female sage grouse
Figure 5.0 Spider’s web made of protein
Figure 5.1 Building models to study the structure and function of macromolecules
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides
Figure 5.3x Hexose sugars
Glucose
Galactose
Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose
Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis
Figure 5.5x Glucose monomer and disaccharides
Glucose monomer
Sucrose
Maltose
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides
Figure 5.7a Starch and cellulose structures
Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures
Figure 5.7x Starch and cellulose molecular models
 Glucose
 Glucose
Cellulose
Starch
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls
Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion: termite and Trichonympha
Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion: cow
Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids
Figure 5.11x Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids: butter and oil
Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid
Figure 5.12x Phospholipid
Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments
Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid
Figure 5.14x Cholesterol
Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged
Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain
Figure 5.17 Conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme
Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein
Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease
Figure 5.19x Sickled cells
Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein
Figure 5.21 Spider silk: a structural protein
Figure 5.21x Silk drawn from the spinnerets at the rear of a spider
Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein
Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins
Figure 5.24 Review: the four levels of protein structure
Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein
Figure 5.26 A chaperonin in action
Figure 5.27 X-ray crystallography
Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick
Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin
Figure 5.28 DNA
RNA
protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell
Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids
Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication
Table 5.2 Polypeptide Sequence as Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships