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Exercise and Sport Nutrition Chapter 6 Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine What is Exercise and Sport Nutrition? • Promotion of optimal intake of nutrients for tissue maintenance, repair, and growth and for providing the body with sufficient energy without an excess energy intake • Optimal nutrient intake can: – Reduce the risk of disease conditions – Enhance sport and athletic performance Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine What is Exercise and Sport Nutrition? • The relationship between nutritional intake and several disease conditions Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine What is Exercise and Sport Nutrition? Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Development of Nutrition for Health • Early influences – Experiments lead to an understanding of proper iron and protein intake – Development of procedures for measuring energy expenditure • Recent influences – Epidemiological studies such as Framingham Heart Study and NHANES – Formation of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Development of Nutrition for Health Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Development of Nutrition for Sport • Early influences – Importance of consumption of protein and carbohydrate for improved performance • Recent influences – Development of the muscle biopsy procedure – Performance enhancement following consumption of vitamin and mineral supplements Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrients for Health and Performance Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrients for Health and Performance • Complex carbohydrates Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrients for Health and Performance • Different sources of dietary protein Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Measuring Nutritional Intake • Dietary Recall – Individual reports intake over the previous 24-hour period • Dietary Record – Individual records the types and amounts of foods consumed over a time period (e.g. 3 or 7 days) Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Measuring Nutritional Intake Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Health • Epidemiology studies have demonstrated relationships between diet and increased risk for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and certain forms of cancer • Nutritional programs – D.A.S.H. – Fruits & Veggies More Matters – We Can! – FRESH START Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Health Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Health • Dietary Guidelines for Health – Updated every 5 years – USDA Food Guide – Dietary reference intake (DRI) Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Current Nutritional Issues for Health • Role of macronutrient content on weight management • Development of educational strategies for promoting healthy eating • Role of high glycemic index foods on disease risk • Vitamin and mineral supplements in preventing chronic disease • Herbal supplements and health and disease risk Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance • Carbohydrate Intake – Blood glucose and muscle glycogen provide energy for exercise – Important during moderate to high intensity exercise – Sufficient carbohydrate intake is necessary to: • Replenish muscle glycogen levels following training • Create an anabolic environment that promotes muscle repair and protein synthesis Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance • Consumption of adequate amounts and types of protein is important for ensuring the optimal performance • Probably best to consume protein in several meals throughout the day – amino acids are readily available to the body tissues for continued protein synthesis • Processed protein supplements are used by athletes as an economical and convenient source of dietary protein Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance • Factors affecting daily protein requirements Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance • Vitamin and Mineral Intake – Vitamins play important roles in energy production and tissue metabolism – Minerals are important component of metabolic reactions in the body (e.g. energy production and muscle contraction) Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance • Hydration Status and Fluid Replacement – Loss of 2% of total body water can impact performance – Electrolytes are lost predominately in sweat – Reduction in electrolytes can impair performance Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance • Ergogenic aids – Substances that improve performance during training or competition – Biomechanical – Nutritional – Pharmacologic – Physiologic – Psychological Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Nutrition for Sport and Athletic Performance Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Summary • Exercise and sport nutrition can be used to enhance health, reduce the risk for disease, and improve sport and athletic performance. Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine