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The exchange of energy from one form to another
in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria.
Photosynthesis: Converting light energy to chemical energy
Devon Stork, Leorah McGinnis, Sarah Wolberg, Kyle Hurst, Allison Reser.
6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Summary of Photosynthesis
CO2
H2O
Light
NADP+
+ADP
i
Light
Reactions
P
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Thylakoids
Chloroplast
O2
[CH2O]
(sugar)
Fig. 10-17
The Light reactions:
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
Cytochrome
Photosystem I
complex
Light
Photosystem II
4 H+
Light
Fd
NADP+
reductase
NADP+ + H+
NADPH
Pq
H2O
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H+ concentration)
e–
1
e–
1/
Pc
2
2
3
O2
+2 H+
4 H+
To
Calvin
Cycle
Thylakoid
membrane
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
ATP
synthase
ADP
+
Pi
ATP
H+
Photosystem
STROMA
Light-harvesting Reaction-center
complex
complexes
Primary
electron
acceptor
Thylakoid membrane
Photon
e–
Transfer
of energy
Special pair of
chlorophyll a
molecules
Pigment
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
How the
photosystems work.
CH3
CHO
in chlorophyll a
in chlorophyll b
Porphyrin ring:
light-absorbing
“head” of molecule;
note magnesium
atom at center
Hydrocarbon tail:
interacts with hydrophobic
regions of proteins inside
thylakoid membranes of
chloroplasts; H atoms not
shown
Structure of Chlorophyll
Fig. 10-18-3
Input 3
(Entering one
at a time)
CO2
Calvin Cycle
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
Rubisco
3 P
Short-lived
intermediate
P
6
P
3-Phosphoglycerate
3P
P
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
6
ATP
6 ADP
3 ADP
3
Calvin
Cycle
6 P
P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
ATP
6 NADPH
Phase 3:
Regeneration of
the CO2 acceptor
(RuBP)
6 NADP+
6 Pi
P
5
G3P
6
P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
1
Output
P
G3P
(a sugar)
Glucose and
other organic
compounds
Phase 2:
Reduction
Cellular Respiration
Fig. 9-6-3
Overall
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Citric
acid
cycle
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Cytosol
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Mitochondrion
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Cellular Respiration
Glycolosis
Cellular Respiration
Krebs (Citric acid) Cycle Intro.
Fig. 9-11
Cellular
Respiration
Pyruvate
CO2
NAD+
CoA
NADH
+ H+
Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle
Acetyl CoA
CoA
CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
FADH2
2 CO2
3 NAD+
3 NADH
FAD
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP
Cellular Respiration
Electron Transport Phosphorylation
Fig. 9-16
H+
H+
H+
H+
Protein complex
of electron
carriers
Cyt c
V
Q


ATP
synthase

FADH2
NADH
2 H+ + 1/2O2
H2O
FAD
NAD+
ADP + P i
(carrying electrons
from food)
ATP
H+
1 Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
2 Chemiosmosis