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Transcript 
Fig. 1-29
Inherited Disorders
“Sporadic” Cancers
Aging
Cystic Fibrosis
Cholera
Cystic Fibrosis
Muscular
Dystrophy
“Sporadic” Cancers
Aging
Alzheimer’s
Disease
I-Cell Disease
Pg. 25
Lysosomal Storage diseases
Drug Targets
Membrane receptors
Protein kinases
Ion channels
G proteins
Protein “pumps”
Bcl-2 Family proteins
Microtubules
Telomerase
Translation components
Transport vesicles
tRNA synthetases
Ribosomes
Topoisomerases
Pg. 10
100 µM
Microscopy
Light Microscopy
Electron Microscopy
Pg. 10
Light Microscopy
Bright Field
Phase-Contrast
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
Fluorescence
Electron Microscopy (EM)
Scanning EM
Transmission EM
Chemical Composition of Cells
Pg. 58
Pg. 79
Chemical Bond Energies
Gene Expression
Monomer/Polymer
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA and RNA
Pg. 76
Pg. 175
5’
3’
3’
5’
0.34 nm
Major Groove
Minor Groove
Pg. 171
Topoisomerase
Treated DNA
Topoisomerase Relieves Stress of Overwinding
During DNA Replication
Topoisomerase is an Anti-Cancer Drug Target
Camptothecin
Werner Syndrome
15 yrs.
48 yrs.
Mutation in gene encoding RecQ helicase
Human Karyotype
247 M bp
47 M bp
Pg. 179
~ 2 meters of DNA fits in the nucleus!
Nucleus
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA and RNA
Pg. 76
RNA Molecules
5’
3’
5’
3’
Types of RNA Molecules
mRNA (gene expression)
Transfer RNA (Translation)
Ribosomal RNA (Translation)
Small nuclear RNA (exon splicing)
Micro RNA (Gene regulation)
Small cytoplasmic RNA (protein transport)
Ribozymes (numerous biochemical functions)
Protein Functions
Enzymes
Membrane transport
Intercellular transport
Hormones
Receptors
Nanomachines
Antibodies
Toxins
Fibers
Bioluminescence/Fluorescence
Pg. 74
Amino Acid
Side Chains
(Pgs. 74-75)
Extra carbon atom!
alpha-helix
ß-Sheet
Hydrophobic Interactions in Tertiary Structure
Hydrogen Bonding in Tertiary Structure
Representations of Protein Tertiary Structure
Backbone
Ribbon
Pg. 132
Wire Frame
Space Filling
Quaternary Structure
Pg. 141
Protein Domains
(Src protein)
Chloride Ion Channel Protein
Comparison
of Protein Primary Structure
Cyclin-dependent Kinase Proteins
(cytosol or ER membrane)
Complexity of Human
Gene Expression
RNA
Synthesis
OH
OH
OH
Pg. 202 (Modified for RNA synthesis)
Pg. 233
1 µm
Pg. 233
Exon/Intron Organization of Eukaryotic Genes
Pg. 238
Sequence Structure of Introns
Pg. 239
Alternative Splicing
Pg. 241
5’ Guanine Cap Structure
Pg. 237
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