Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Kidney Page 1 11.3.1 Define excretion Page 2 The kidney • Excretion is the removal from the body of waste products of metabolism Urea is a waste product. Page 3 Excretion • Urea is a waste product from the metabolism of amino acids. Each amino acid must be deaminated (lose an amine group). • It is the job of the kidneys to filter and cleanse the bloodstream of molecules like urea and other molecular wates. Page 4 How do Kidneys work? Page 5 11.3.2 Draw and label the structures of the kidney Page 6 Excretory System filters blood and produces urine. Page 7 The Kidney • Renal artery – takes blood into the kidney • Renal vein – blood drains out of the kidney • Renal pelvis – area where urine collects • Ureter – takes urine to bladder • Renal medulla – surrounds renal pelvis Page 8 11.3.3 Annotate a diagram of a glomerulus and associated nephron to show the the function of each part. Page 9 Glomerulus Page 10 Nephron Kidneys made up of 1.25 million nephrons Nephron = filtering unit Capillary bed = glomerulus Bowman’s capsule = surrounds glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Page 11 11.3.4 Explain the process of ultrafiltration, including blood pressure, fenestrated blood capillaries and basement membrane Page 12 The kidney is the blood’s filtration and balancing system Page 13 Balancing the Blood Page 14 Nephron Page 15 Nephron Page 16 Ultrafiltration – in the renal capsule Page 17 Explain the process of ultrafiltration. (8 marks) Page 18 Explain the process of ultrafiltration. (8 marks) Page 19 11.3.5 Explain osmoregulation • Osmoregulation is the control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism Page 20 Osmoregulation • Depends on: – Total volume of water ingested recently as liquid & in solid foods – Perspiration rate (exercise level & environmental temperature) – Ventilation rate (breathing rate is largely dependent on exercise level Page 21 11.3.6 Explain the reabsorption of glucose, water and salts in the proximal convoluted tubule, including the roles of microvilli, osmosis and active transport. Page 22 Selective Reabsorption Filtrate leaving Bowman’s capsule contain substances body needs Water, salt ions, glucose Occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule Returned to bloodstream in peritubular capillary bed Page 23 Selective Reabsorption Walls of the prox. conv. tubule is one cell thick Page 24 Selective Reabsorption Page 25 Selective Reabsorption Page 26 Selective Reabsorption Page 27 Explain selective reabsorption in the kidney (8 marks) Page 28 Explain selective reabsorption in the kidney. (8 marks) Page 29 11.3. 7 Explain the roles of the loop of Henle, medulla, collecting duct and ADH in maintaining the water balance of the blood Page 30 Loop of Henle Page 31 Loop of Henle Page 32 Loop of Henle/medulla Page 33 Collecting ducts Page 34 ADH = antidiuretic hormone Collecting Duct Page 35 Water concentration in the blood Page 36 Explain osmoregulation in the kidney (8 marks) Page 37 Explain osmoregulation in the kidney (8 marks) Page 38 11.3. 8 Explain the differences in the concentration of proteins, glucose and urea between blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine Page 39 Tables don’t have to be memorized Fluids mentioned associated with the following locations. Urine = fluid which was the filtrate that has now undergone reabsorption & osmoregulation mechanisms & is taken to the bladder Glomerular filtrate = fluid (now called filtrate) which enters into the proximal convoluted tubule after the ultrafiltration process within Bowman’s capsule. No reabsorption has occurred. Page 40 Which nutrients are 100% reabsorbed? Glucose and amino acids Where does this happen? selective reabsorption in the proximal convuluted tubule Page 41 What is filtered, reclaimed and excreted by the kidney? The concentration of uric acid is 12.5x greater in the urine than in the filtrate or the blood. How much more concentrated is urea in the urine than in the blood? Why is such a large proportion of urea and uric acid excreted? They are very toxic Page 42 What is filtered, reclaimed and excreted by the kidney? What percentage of the following are forced into the nephron by ultrafiltration? urea – 100% glucose – 100% inorganic salts - 100% proteins & macromolecules - 0% Why the macromolecule result? Too large for ultrafiltration Page 43 Are there any other components not processed by ultrafiltration? • Erythrocytes • Lymphocytes • platelets Page 44 11.3.9 Explain the presence of glucose in the urine of untreated diabetic patients. Page 45 Diabetes and the Kidney • Type I : insulin not produced – Liver does not take up glucose from blood Type II: insulin receptors inactive - Liver does not take up glucose from blood Results: Blood sugar concentration remains high Page 46 In the Kidney Page 47 Diabetes & the Kidney Page 48 From your heart to the Toilet Page 49