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ENERGY AND THE CELL Chloroplast Plant cell organelles which are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplast contains chlorophyll pigment which traps the energy in sunlight. Photosynthesis Process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy. Light energy is used to rearrange CO2 and H2O into C6H1206 (glucose). Waste products from this reaction include Oxygen. Autotrophs- organisms that make their own energy. Photosynthesis: Stage 1 (light reaction) Chlorophyll a and b (green) and Carotenoid pigments (yellow and orange) absorb different wavelengths of light. Pigments are stored within disk like structures in chloroplast called Thylakoids. Energy is captured when sunlight strikes the thylakoid causing electrons to become excited. Stage 2: Conversion of light energy Excited electrons are passed down a series of molecules called an electron transport chain producing new molecules including ATP and NADPH which temporarily stores chemical energy. Stage 3: Storage of Energy (dark reaction) Calvin cycle fixates carbon dioxide to form glucose in a series of enzyme assisted chemical reactions. Mitochondria Organelle which is the site of cellular respiration in the cell. Provides available energy to the cell in the form of adenosin triphosphate (ATP). Cellular Respiration Sugar molecules combine with oxygen to produce usable energy molecules called ATP. ATP provides cells with energy needed to carry out life activities. It is a portable form of energy “currency” inside cells. ATP Adenosine triphosphate is a ribose sugar molecule with a tail of phophate groups. These phophate groups repel each other because they are negatively charged. They store energy like a compressed spring. A small input of energy breaks the bonds releasing a large output of energy. Water +ATPADP+P+energy Stage 1 : Glycolysis Enzyme assisted anaerobic process that breaks down glucose to form pyruvate and NADH molecules. Four ATP molecules are also produced. Stage 2: Krebs Cycle Oxygen and Pyruvate enter the mitochondrian. An electron transport chain and enzymes are used to produce carbon dioxide and energy molecules in the form of ATP. At the end of the chain leftover H ions and Oxygen combine to form water. Fermentation Respiration in the absence of oxygen. Prokaryotes carry out more than a dozen forms of fermentation to produce energy. Lactic Acid Fermentation During vigorous exercise the muscles run out of oxygen and begin to produce energy using fermentation. This produces lactate as a by product. The buildup of lactate causes muscle soreness. Alcoholic Fermentation Organisms, like yeast, produce energy without the use of oxygen producing ethanol as a by product. We use this to produce alcoholic beverages and foods. The carbon dioxide given off by yeast fermentation causes bread to rise.