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Chapter 8
Water and Minerals
Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e
Sizer/Whitney
Introduction
 Minerals
 Major
 Trace
 Water
 Most indispensable nutrient
Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132Pound) Person (Grams)
Water
 Makes up about 60 percent of a person’s
weight
 Roles
 Solvent
 Cleansing agent
 Lubrication and cushion
 Coolant
Body’s Water Balance
 Water balance
 Dehydration
 Thirst
 Signs
 Groups at risk
 Water intoxication
 Body water varies by pounds
 Thirst and satiety govern water intake
 Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys
Water Balance – A Typical
Example
U.S. Fluid Sources
Safety and Sources of Drinking
Water
 Public water
 Removal of many hazards
 Disinfectants
 Testing and reporting
 Chlorination and cancer
 Water sources
 Surface water
 Groundwater
Bottled Water
 Regulation and safety
 Sales across state lines
 Standards
 Less rigid than those for tap water
 BPA
 IBWA trademark
 Water for nutrition’s sake
 Fluoride
Body Fluids and Minerals
 Water follows salt
 Electrolytes
 Water flows toward greater concentration
 Fluid and electrolyte balance
 Causes of imbalance
 Acid-base balance
 Hydrogen
 Buffers
A Bone
Calcium
 Bone and tooth
formation
 Hydroxyapatite
 Fluorapatite
 Bone and tooth
turnover
Calcium
 In body fluids
 1 percent of body’s calcium
 Roles
 Blood calcium is tightly controlled
 Calcium balance
 Skeleton serves as a calcium bank
 Bone density
 Organs
Bone Throughout Life
Calcium Snapshot
Phosphorus
 Second most abundant mineral in body
 Majority found in bones with calcium
 Roles in the body
 Recommendations
 Deficiencies are unlikely
 Food sources
Phosphorus Snapshot
Magnesium
 “Major mineral”
 Dietary requirement
 Bones and kidneys
 Roles in the body
 Works with calcium
 Deficiency
 Toxicity
 Recommendations
Magnesium Snapshot
Sodium
 Roles
 Major part of fluid and
electrolyte balance
 Acid-base balance
 Deficiency
 “Water Weight”
 Recommendations
 Intakes
Sodium
 Blood pressure
 Hypertension
 Measures
 Types
 Sodium intakes increases blood pressure
 Heart damage
 DASH diet
 Controlling salt intakes
How to Cut Sodium from a
Barbeque Lunch
Potassium
 Positively charge ion inside the cells
 Roles
 Fluid and electrolyte balance
 Heartbeat
 Deficiency
 Dehydration
 Toxicity
 Recommendations
Potassium Snapshot
Iodine
 Body’s work is done by iodide
 Roles
 Thyroxine
 Deficiency
 Goiter
 Cretinism
 Toxicity
 Food sources
Iron
 Every living cell contains iron
 Two proteins
 Hemoglobin
 Myoglobin
 Roles
 Carry oxygen
 Make new cells, amino acids, hormones, &
neurotransmitters
Iron
 Iron stores
 A mineral to be hoarded
 Iron losses
 Special proteins transport and store iron
 Absorbing iron
 Forms of iron in food
 MFP factor
 Impairing iron absorption
Normal and Anemic Blood Cells
Iron Snapshot
Zinc
 Works with proteins
in every organ
 Roles
 Expression of
deficiency
 Groups at greatest
risk for deficiency
 Vegetarians
Zinc Snapshot
Fluoride
 Not essential to life
 Roles in the body
 Roles in the body
 Deficiency
 Dental decay
 Toxicity
 Fluorosis
 Sources
U.S. Population with Access to
Fluoridated Water Through Public
Water Systems
Food Sources of Calcium in the
U.S. Diet
Calcium Absorption from Food
Sources