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 Made
of C, H,O
 Sugars
◦ Names end in -ose
 Ex: Glucose = C6H12O6

Monomer
◦ Monosaccharide – one sugar
 Ex: Glucose

What organelle makes it?
◦ Chloroplast by the process of Photosynthesis

Functions
◦ Short term energy storage (glycogen/starch)
◦ Structure in plants = cell wall (cellulose)
◦ Source of carbon for other molecules

1. Disaccharide:
 2 monosaccharides bonded together
 Ex: Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose

2. Polysaccharide:
 3+ monosaccharides bonded together
 Ex: Starch = storage of glucose in plants

Starch
◦ Stores glucose in plants

Glycogen
◦ Storage form of glucose in animals
 Stored in liver and muscle

Cellulose
◦ Major component of a plant cell wall
◦ Difficult to digest

Chitin
◦ Exoskeleton of arthropods (ex: insects)
Information Storage and Energy Transfer

C,H,O,N,P

Monomer = nucleotide

◦
◦
◦
◦
) Sugar 2) Phosphate 3) Nitrogen Base
Functions
DNA: information storage
RNA: information transfer
ATP: energy transfer
P = Phosphate Group
S = 5 Carbon Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
B = Nitrogen Base
Double stranded
Single stranded
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP)
◦ Single nucleotide


High energy molecule
Produced by cellular respiration in
mitochondria

Made of C,H,O, N

Monomers = amino acids
◦ 20 different amino acids

Polymer = polypeptide

Three main parts
- Amino group = NH2
- Carboxyl group = COOH
- R group (side chain)

Determined by the order of amino acids

Shape of a protein determines function
Hemoglobin
antibody
enzymes
polymerase

Enzymes - Speed up chemical reactions

Structure – Hair, nails, muscles, silk, hooves

Hemoglobin – Carries oxygen with red blood cells
Fats
& Oils
Lipid Basics
Made of C,H,O (ratio greater than 1:2:1)
• Monomer = Glycerol + Fatty Acids
• Hydrophobic = Don’t dissolve in water
•

oil and water don’t mix

Two Types
◦ Saturated fatty acids
 No double bonds
 Maximum # of H atoms
◦ Unsaturated fatty acids
 Double bonds between C atoms
Lipids- Energy, insulation, and more
• Fats & Oils (triglycerides)
• Long term energy storage
Lipids: Types and Functions
•
Fats/Oils – Long term energy storage
•
Phospholipids – Cell membranes
•
Steroids – Make hormones
•
Waxes – Waterproofing
Cell Membrane: Phospholipid Bilayer
•
•
•
Two layers of phospholipids
Phosphates heads = hydrophilic
Lipid tails = hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER
WATER