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Enzyme Production Large Scale fermentation Large scale fermentation can be aerobic or anaerobic, dependent on the microorganism being used. It is carried out in large cylindrical steel containers called fermenters or bioreactors. Within this fermenter large scale growth of microorganisms will occur if the correct nutritional requirements and conditions are maintained. Structure of fermenter Stainless steel Importance of disinfecting Paddles (stirrer) Sterile nutrient solution Monitoring pH Temperature Oxygen concentration Water jacket – Fermentation heat generating Exhaust pipe Method of fermentation Batch fermentation - Microrganism put into the fermenter with nutrient medium. Fermentation is allowed to happen and nothing is added only the venting of exhaust gases. Fermentation is complete when all the nutrients are used up. Fed-batch fermentation – different substances are added at different times during the fermentation process. Industrial application Beer Production Organic Molecules What is an organic molecule We can say the an organic molecule one that contains the elements of both Carbon and Hydrogen. These include Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids. Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen gas, Nitrates, Water would be seen as an inorganic molecules. Autotrophs Some microorganisms like plants can produce organic sugar molecules through photosynthesis which involves reactions between inorganic molecules Water and Carbon Dioxide to produce the organic molecule glucose. Plants can convert sugar (organic molecule) into other organic molecules like protein through the addition of inorganic molecules like nitrates. Nutritional requirements Different microorganisms have different nutritional requirements. Summary of the function of some of the elements within a microorganism. Element Carbon Function Carbon is the key component of organic molecules. Carbohydrate, Protein, lipids and Nucleic acids (DNA) Nitrogen Proteins and nucleic acid (DNA) Sulphur Some Amino acids Phosphorus Phospholipids, ATP and nucleic acid (DNA) How do we provide these elements to the microorganisms? - - Depends greatly on the microorganism used. Carbon Some microorganisms are like humans and require carbon in the form of organic molecules e.g. Carbohydrates. Some are photosynthetic organisms and therefore require Carbon in the form of Carbon dioxide. Nitrogen - - Nitrogen Some microorganisms require organic molecules containing nitrogen e.g. Amino acids or peptides (protein) which they can digest to amino acids, to construct protein. Other microorganisms can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. Others use inorganic nitrates or ammonium ions, to produce amino acids. Continued Sulphur – Organic nutrients such as Amino acids or peptides contain Sulphur. Some micro-organisms use inorganic nutrients such as sulphur or sulphates to produce own sulphur containing amino acids. Extra growth factors, including vitamins may be required. Oxygen – Many microorganisms carry out aerobic respiration so require oxygen. Some are anaerobic and can’t tolerate oxygen so need to be cultured in its complete absence.