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A Review of Glycolysis
2 ATP
Glucose
2 ADP
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
2 Triose phosphate
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Pyruvate
Branch Point
A Review of Glycolysis
2 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 3-Phosphoglycerate
2 Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
Net Reaction of Glycolysis
+
2 NAD + Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP
?
?
ADP + Pi
+ work
Regeneration of
+
NAD
from NADH
Under aerobic (+O2) conditions
+
NAD
Glycolysis
NADH
H2O
Respiration
1
+
/2 O2 + H
Regeneration of
+
NAD
from NADH
Under anaerobic (–O2) conditions
+
NAD
–
2e
NADH
Acceptor
Fates of Pyruvate
Glucose
Glycolysis
2 CO2
2 Ethanol
(yeast)
–O2
2 Pyruvate –O
2
+O2
CO2
2 Acetyl-CoA
+O2
4 CO2 + 4 H2O
2 Lactate
(muscle)
Lactate DH and Regeneration of NADH
O
NADH
O
NAD
+
O
C
C
O
C
O
CH3
LDH
H
C
OH
CH3
Pyruvate
Lactate
Lactate accumulates in
anaerobic muscle (sprint)
∆Gº= –25.1 kJ/mol
Lactate from Pyruvate
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Inefficient Anaerobic Metabolism
Glucose
2 Lactate
∆Gº
–198 kJ/mol
Glucose
6 CO2
–2833 kJ/mol
Inefficient Anaerobic Metabolism
Anaerobic muscle
– Sprinter, alligator, rhino, dinosaur
 Erythrocytes
 Deep sea animals
 Anaerobic bacteria
 Blood-living parasites
– Trypanosomes

Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast
CH3CH2OH
(ethanol)
1
/2 Glucose +
NAD
Glycolysis
NADH
O
H 3C
C
O
C
O
NAD
+
NADH
CO2
O
H 3C
Pyruvate
decarboxylase
(TPP)
C
H
Industrial Fermentations
Starch
– Butanol
– Acetone
 Starch, molasses
– Methanol
– Ethanol
– Formic Acid
– Glycerol

Industrial Fermentations
Grape sugar
– Wine
– Champagne (CO2)
 Milk sugar
– Yogurt
 Cabbage
– Sauerkraut

Industrial Fermentations

Cucumbers
– Pickles

Cornstalks
– Silage
Lactate Salvage: Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Glucose
ATP
Lactate
Some shared enzymes
 Reciprocal regulation
 In liver of mammals

Gluconeogenesis
ATP