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• pH Scale: a standard measurement of
the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)
in a solution (0-14)
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Neutral solutions: pH of 7 (H2O)
Acidic solutions: pH less than 7
Basic solutions: pH more than 7
Difference of 10X between each pH number
• Acid:
 Sour; High #of H+ ;Low # of OH-
• Base:
 Bitter; slippery; High # of OH-; Low # of H+
• Litmus Paper : an indicator for the
determination of an acid or base
 Qualitative test
Red: acid
• Acid + Base ----- Salt + H2O
(neutralization)
Blue: base
• Physical Change: appearance changes slightly; still
recognizable
• Chemical Change: rearrangement of atoms;
appearance totally changed
• Chemical Equation: describes a chemical reaction
 A + B ------ C + D
Reactants ------ Products
• Law of the Conservation: During a chemical reaction,
mass (energy) is neither created nor destroyed.
• Inorganic Compound: No carbon is present
 Example: H2O
• Organic Compound: Carbon is present; found in living
things; shown by structural formula
• Isomers: compounds with the same chemical formula
but different structural formulas; with different physical
and chemical properties
• Carbohydrates: (end in OSE)
• Give quick energy; contain C,H,O (2H:O); sugars,
starches
• Monosaccharides: C6H12O6 (simple sugars)
 Examples: glucose (commercial name of dextrose), galactose,
fructose (in fruit)
 Isomers: glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharides: C12H22O11 (double sugars)
 Examples: maltose, sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar)
 Isomers: maltose, sucrose, lactose
 Dehydration Synthesis Reactions:
A + B ----- C + H2O
(H2O out)
 Hydrolysis Reaction:
C + H2O ------ A + B
(H2O in)
 Glucose + Glucose ------ Maltose + H2O
 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ------- C12H22O11 + H2O
 Glucose + Fructose ----- Sucrose + H2O
 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ------- C12H22O11 + H2O
 Glucose + Galactose ------ Lactose + H2O
 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ------ C12H22O11 + H2O
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maltose + H2O -------- Glucose + Glucose
 C12H22O11 + H2O ------- C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
 Sucrose + H2O ------- Glucose + Fructose
 C12H22O11 + H2O ------- C6H12O6 + C6H12O
 Lactose + H2O ------ Glucose + Galactose
 C12H22O11 + H2O ------ C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
• Polysaccharides: starch (complex sugars)
 Cellulose (plant starch)
 Glycogen (animal starch); stored in the liver
• Test for Monosaccharides:
 Benedict’s Solution (blue solution) is added to an
unknown substance + heat
 Results: green, orange, brown (+) for monosaccharides;
blue (-) for disaccharides, polysaccharides
 A qualitative test
• Test for Polysaccharides:
 Iodine (brown solution) is added to an unknown
substance
 Results: black, blue (+) for polysaccharides; brown (-)
for monosaccharides and disaccharides
 A qualitative test
• Lipids:
• Gives stored energy ; contains C,H,O (H:O greater
than 2:1); never dissolve in H2O
 Examples: oils (liquid), waxes (solid)
• Body: padding around organs, insulation under skin
 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids -------- Lipid + 3 H2O
 Lipid + 3 H2O ------- Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
• Types of Fats:
 Saturated Fat (bad)
 Unsaturated Fat
 Polyunsaturated Fat
-C-CC=C
(good)
C=C=C
• Cholesterol: clogs arteries
• Steroids: important for growth, hormones
• Proteins:
• For maintenance and repair ; contain C,H,O,N
• Another name for a protein: polypeptide chain
• Bonds in a protein: peptide bonds
 Examples: antibodies, hormones, enzymes
 Enzyme: speeds up chemical reactions; also called catalyst, end in
ASE
• Amino Acids = “the building blocks of proteins”
 Amino Acid + Amino Acid ----- Protein + H2O
 Protein + H2O ------- Amino Acid + Amino Acid
• Parts of a Protein:
 COOH (carboxyl group)
NH2 amino group)
• Lipoproteins (lipids and proteins in blood)
 HDL (high density lipoproteins): Remove cholesterol (+)
 LDL (low density lipoproteins): Produce cholesterol (-)