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Effectiveness of Squid Hydrolysate as a Home Lawn Fertilizer
Joseph C. Fetter, Rebecca N. Brown, José A. Amador and Chong Lee, University of Rhode Island
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Table 1. Sampling frequency and methods of analysis.
Method
This study investigated the following hypotheses:
Soil
Nitrate
Ammonium
KCl extraction
KCl extraction
Sodium bicarbonate
Phosphate
extraction
Sodium bicarbonate
Potassium
extraction
Dehydrogenase
Microbial activity
activity assay
Fumigation/ExtracMicrobial biomass N tion Method
pH
pH meter
Soil moisture
Gravimetric analysis
Heavy metals
Acid digestion/ICP
Organic matter
Loss on ignition
Organic carbon
Carbon analyzer
Organic nitrogen
Nitrogen analyzer
Nitrate
Nutrient analyzer
Phosphate
Nutrient analyzer
Nitrogen
Acid digestion/ICP
Phosphate
Acid digestion/ICP
Potassium
Acid digestion/ICP
•Granular (GSH) and liquid (LSH) application will result in greater
soil nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate
• Both liquid and pelletized synthetic fertilizer will show
significantly greater uniformity of perennial ryegrass
•GSH will show a significantly greater microbial biomass N
• Clipping biomass will be significantly greater in both synthetic
fertilizers
•Pore water analysis will show increased nitrate leaching with
increased N inputs
Methodology
Pore Water
Fertilizer
Sampling
Frequency
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
a
a
c
b
b
6
b
4
2
bc bc
abcbc
ab
abc
abc
ab
ab ab ab
b
c
ab b b
10
0
6lb
100
5
0
6lb
25
80
20
60
15
40
10
20
5
0
0
d
c
4
2
0
Aug 08
Oct 08
June 09
July 09
Aug 09
Sept 09
Oct 09
May 09
July 09
July 08 Aug 08 Sept 08 Oct 08 Nov 08 May 09 June 09 July 09 Aug 09 Sept 09 Oct 09
Aug 09
Sampling Date
Sampling Date
Sampling Date
When letters are absent no significant differences were observed.
Bars with common letters denotes no significant differences
When letters are absent no significant differences were observed
Bars showing different letters indicates significant differences were observed
When letters are absent no significant differences were observed.
2008 October
•Quality for LSH was significantly better than the negative control
June 2009
• 3 lb applications showed GSH and ProTurf to be significantly
better than all other treatments
• At 6 lb, both GSH and ProTurf were significantly greater than the
LSH liquid and negative control
•At 3 lb, all fertilizers in July out-performed the negative control
•6 lb applications showed SHG, Aquatrol, and ProTurf to be
significantly greater than the negative control.
August 2009
•At 3 lb, all fertilizers outperformed the negative control
application
•At 6 lb, LSH, GSH and Aquatrol outperformed the negative control
October 2009
•At 3lb, LSH, GSH and ProTurf out-performed negative control
•6 lb LSH out-performed the negative control.
Extractable PO4(mg/P/kg)
Microbial Activity
1lb
Squid Liquid
Squid Granular
Aquatrol
ProTurf
No Fertilizer
20
SH Liquid
SH Granular
Aquatrol
ProTurf
No Fertilizer
0.25
0.20
15
0.15
10
0.10
5
0
0.05
6lb
20
0.00
0.25
0.20
15
Mass of Dried Grass Clippings (g/plot)
0.15
10
1 lb
0.10
Squid Liquid
Squid Granular
Aquatrol
ProTurf
No Fertilizer
12
Monthly
June 09
10
ab
bc
5
0.05
c
c
8
6
0.00
0
July 08 Aug 08 Sept 08 Oct 08 Nov 08 May 09 June 09 July 09 Aug 09 Sept 09 Oct 09
4
0
14
Sampling Date
Sampling Date
2
3 lb
July 08 Aug 08 Sept 08 Oct 08 Nov 08 May 09 June 09 July 09 Aug 09 Sept 09 Oct 09
Bars with common letters denotes no significant differences
When letters are absent no significant differences were observed
Bars showing different letters indicates significant differences were observed
Extractable NO3(mg/N/kg)
12
10
8
1lb
5
6
4
abc
ab
2
0
14
Squid Liquid
Squid Granular
Aquatrol
ProTurf
No Fertilizer
bc
bc
4
bc
c
c
c
c
c
a
•Microbial biomass showed no significant differences
•Extractable soil NH4 showed no significant differences
•Soil extractable PO4 showed no significant differences
•September 2008 analysis showed GSH outperformed LSH and the
negative control with regard to microbial activity.
6 lb
3
12
b
b
10
2
b
b
6
1lb
Squid Liquid
Squid Granular
Aquatrol
ProTurf
No Fertilizer
12
10
8
abc
4
bc
2
abc
abc
bc
bc
c
c
d
c
0
August 08
6
October 08
July 09
Sampling Date
Bars with common letters denote no significant differences.
When letters are absent no significant differences were observed.
Bars showing different letters indicate significant differences were observed.
4
2
0
Pore Water NO3(mg NO3-N/L)
40
20
c
8
12
15
c
6
14
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
Biweekly
Bimonthly
Yearly
Yearly
Yearly
60
b
abc
bc
b
8
Monthly
Pore Water NO3(mg NO3-N/L)
14
a
a
20
b
b
0
6lb
10
Mass of Dried Grass Clippings (g/plot)
Analysis
a
a
1lb
ab
ab
ab
Squid Liquid
Squid Granular
Aquatrol
ProTurf
No Fertilizer
25
Microbail Activity
Turf quality
Turf quality will be evaluated using visual ratings. Color analysis is
performed once a year using digital color analysis. Additionally,
clippings are collected from the center 25m2 of each plot using a
60-cm width push reel mower with a clippings basket. A 30-cm
buffer zone is utilized on each side of the collection area to avoid
contamination from surrounding treatments. Clippings will are
transferred to paper bags and placed in a seed drying room for 14
days at room temperature. Dried clippings are then weighed to
determine relative shoot growth.
a
a
Microbial Biomass
(mg NO3-N/kg)
0
10 3lb
1lb
SH Liquid
SH Granular
Aquatrol
ProTurf
No Fertilizer
100
Extractable PO4(mg/P/kg)
Soil and water analyses
Soil samples are analyzed monthly for soil moisture, pH, nitrate,
ammonium, phosphate, potassium, microbial biomass, and
microbial activity. Heavy metals, organic matter, organic carbon,
and organic nitrogen content of soil are determined once a year.
Methods of analysis are shown in Table 1. Pore water samples are
analyzed for nitrate and phosphate as described in Table 1.
Sampling occurs biweekly for nitrate, and bimonthly for
phosphate. Fertilizers will be analyzed for total nitrogen,
phosphorous, potassium, and heavy metal concentrations annually
as described in Table 1
Medium Sampled
Study site and design
The study was conducted at the Richard Skogley Turf Research
Center on the University of Rhode Island’s Kingston campus. The
study area consists of a 185.8-m2 perennial ryegrass (Lolium
perenne) plot on a Bridgehampton silt loam soil that was seeded in
the spring of 2007. The experimental design is a randomized
complete block with four replications. Each plot measures 1.52 m x
1.52 m (2.31 m2). The study site was maintained as a home lawn,
mowed weekly at 3.8 cm using a John Deere reel mower, and
irrigated as necessary. Four fertilizer treatments were employed:
(1) SH-liquid, (2) SH-granular, (3) Aquatrol and (4) ProTurf. Each
fertilizer was applied at rates of 455, 1,360, 2,700 g/N/93 m2/yr,
with the zero-fertilizer treatment serving as a negative control.
Liquid fertilizers are applied more frequently throughout the
growing season, and granular applications are applied in the spring
and fall. Thus, liquid fertilizers were applied every three weeks
starting May 15, 2008 for a total of 8 applications per year, and the
granular product was applied a total of four times per year: two
applications in the spring, and two applications in the fall. Due to
the length of time it takes to break granular products down into a
usable nitrogen form, a higher amount of N is applied at each
application. This ensures that an evenly-distributed amount of
nitrogen is supplied to the turf plants throughout the growing
season (Stanhnke, 2005). When nitrogen is applied in excessive
amounts many undesirable effects are seen, such as excess leaf
growth coupled with decreased root growth and increases in both
disease and the thatch layer (Higgins, 1998). To maximize turf
health, liquid fertilizers are applied more often, decreasing the
amount of nitrogen per application.
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Introduction
• Fertilization of turf is the most important management practice
to maintain high quality, and a regular fertilization schedule
should be implemented into all management practices (Voigt,
1998).
• When fertilizer is applied correctly, it results in an overall greener
turf color, higher density and greater uniformity compared to
unfertilized turf. This results in less damage to fertilized turfgrass
from biotic and abiotic stresses (Voigt, 1998).
• There are few home lawn fertilizer studies that compare the
benefits of organic fertilizer and synthetic fertilizers.
•Organic fertilizers claim to offer advantages that synthetic
fertilizers cannot provide, such as increased water and nutrient
holding capacity, along with promoting the growth of beneficial
soil organisms (Bailey, 2002).
•Populations of soil bacteria and fungi are necessary to mineralize
nutrients into inorganic forms, which are then taken up by plants.
•Microbial populations supply a steady flow of nitrogen to the
plant over a longer period of time (McCarty, 2003) compared to
quick-release synthetic fertilizers that have a potential to cause
fertilizer burn (Spangenberg, 1986).
Squid Liquid
Squid Granular
Aquatrol
ProTurf
No Fertilizer
8
Visual Uniformity
Sampling
Soil samples were collected monthly from June 2008 through
November 2008, and again from May to November 2009. Soil pore
water was collected biweekly, from June 2008 through November
2008, and from May 2009 through November 2009. Visual turf
quality ratings were taken in August and October 2008 and
monthly June through November 2009. Clippings were collected in
August and October 2008, and July and October 2009. Digital color
analysis was determined in October both years .
A soil corer measuring 15 x 1.25 cm was utilized to extract soil
samples. The upper 2.5 cm thatch layer was discarded from the
four core samples taken from each plot. Cores were mixed
together, placed in a plastic bag and stored at 40C until analysis.
Pore water was collected from every plot using suction cup
lysimeters placed at 60 cm below the soil surface. Water samples
were placed in 20 ml scintillation vials and stored at 40C until
analysis
1lb
Extractable NH4(mg/N/kg)
Extractable NH4(mg/N/kg)
10
Proper disposal of squid (Loligo pealei) waste is a significant
problem for the Rhode Island squid industry. According to Rhode
Island squid processors, it costs $65-90/ton to dispose of squid byproducts, or nearly $100,000 per squid processing plant each year
(USA, 2007). Squid by-products (squid hydrolosate; SH) can be
converted into an organic fertilizer, alleviating disposal costs and
possibly creating a marketable product from waste. SH was utilized
as a liquid and granular fertilizer and applied at 1, 3, and 6
lb/N/1000 ft2/yr. Both a liquid and granular standard synthetic
fertilizer was applied at the same rates along with a negative
control to serve as a negative control. Soil was evaluated monthly
for nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, potassium, microbial activity,
and microbial biomass N. Yearly analysis included heavy metal
content, total C and N, and organic matter. Pore water was tested
monthly for nitrate and biweekly for phosphate. Turf quality was
evaluated for visual uniformity, and clipping biomass. Digital color
analysis was measured yearly. Results have showed SH in both a
liquid and granular form favorably compares to the standard
synthetic fertilizers in all analyses tested.
Visual Uniformity
Visual Uniformity
Methodology continued
August 2008
•G SH was significantly greater than ProTurf and the negative
control treatments
• LSH and Aquatrol produced significantly more clippings than the
negative control
3lb
10
8
6
Extractable NO3(mg/N/kg)
Abstract
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Conclusions
6lb
5
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b
3
2
b
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a
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bc
bc
bc
c
4
October 2008
•GSH produced significantly more clippings than all other
treatments at the 6 lb application rate
2
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•SH was proven to be an effective organic fertilizer
•GSH produced the greatest visual turf quality
•GSH produced a greater amount of clipping biomass compared to
standard synthetic fertilizers
•SH did not increase NO3 leaching into the groundwater
•SH did not increase microbial biomass or microbial activity
•SH exhibited the same soil fertility as both liquid and granular
synthetic fertilizers
a
0
ab
bb bc
July 08 Aug 08 Sept 08 Oct 08 Nov 08 May 09 June 09 July 09 Aug 09 Sept 09 Oct 09
Bars with common letters denotes no significant Sampling
differences Date
When letters are absent no significant differences were observed
Bars showing different letters indicates significant differences were observed
12
6lb
July 2009
•3 lb GSH produced more clippings than Aquatrol, LSH and the
negative control.
•6 lb GSH and ProTurf had significantly more clippings than
Aquatrol, LSH and the negative control
10
8
6
4
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•Extractable soil NO3 showed no significant differences until 2009
•Aquatrol applied at 6 lbs was significantly higher than the
negative control application in August and October 2009 and for
all treatments in September 2009
•Acknowledgements
•Funds supplied by Sea Grant Foundation
•Janet Atoyan Laboratory of Soil Science and Microbiology
•Printing services provided by the RI-INBRE Centralized
Research Core Facility supported by Grant # P20RR16457
from NCRR/NIH
Treatment
•Porewater N03 rarely exceeded 10mg/l
•NO3 increased as N inputs increased
•The negative control treatment resulted in NO3 in porewater,
indicating a residual N effect throughout the experiment
References
USA, S.F. 2007. Narragansett. RI.
Voigt, T., Tom Fermanian, and David Wehner. 1998. Turfgrass Fertilization [Online]
http://www.lakeswcd.org/documents/Turfgrass%20Fertilization%20in%20Illinois.pdf.
Bailey, K. 2002. Organic Fertilizers [Online] http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/cumberland/fertpage/organic.html (posted
2/26/02. ).
McCarty, L.B., Ian R. Rodriguez, B. Todd Bunnell, F. Clint Waltz. 2003. Fundamentals of Turfgrass and Agricultural
Chemistry John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.
Spangenberg, B.G., T. W. Fermanian, and D. J. Wehner. 1986. Evaluation of Liquid-Applied Nitrogen Fertilizers on
Kentucky Bluegrass Turf. Agronomy Journal 78.
Stanhnke, G.K., Stanton E. Brauen, Ralph S. Byther, Aarhur L. Antonelli, Gary Chastanger. 2005. Home Lawns, pp. 1-15.
Higgins, J.M. 1998. Home Lawn Maintenance.