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Biochemical
Unity of Life
Mass difference is 100,000,000 X
but at a molecular level
remarkable similar.
In what ways are bacteria, plants,
& elephants biochemically similar?
Elements of Life
and their
Availability
Miss selection
for carbon and
silicon?
Consider:
[1] Bond strength
in catabolism/
anabolism
[2] Combustion
products
Biochemical Functional Groups
Biochemical Functional Groups
Biomolecules: Four Major Classes
I. Proteins – Catalysis, Structure and energy
Directional convention:
Amino Acid Chemical Structure
Representations
Name the structure and color types?
Why have these different representations?
Biochemical Polymers
• Finite common monomer motif generates
a huge polymer variety
• Specific residue linkage
• Polymer directionality
Synthetic or natural monomer/polymer pairs?
Biochemical Polymers
Dehydration
Synthesis
Peptide bond
H2O +
Dipeptide
The Protein Cytoskeleton Provides Cell
Shape and Movement
Are also proteins shown that are involved in catalysis?
Human Endothelin: Polypeptide Structure
A signaling protein that constrict blood
vessels and raise blood pressure
Twenty one amino
acid residues
Shaded blue to
red (N→C)
Biomolecules: Four Major Classes
II. Nucleotides – Information catalysis and structure
Adenosine Triphosphate: building block/energy storage
Triphosphate
Ribose
Adenine
What is the difference between a nucleotide,
a nucleoside, and a nucleic acid?
Nucleotides: Sugars and Bases
Compare and Contrast:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
versus Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Biochemical Polymers
Dehydration
+ H2O
Synthesis
+
Phosphodiester
bond
Nucleic Acid
Sequence: Structural
Representations
How can you
ascertain if this is
an RNA or DNA
sequence?
What is the color
coding in this
structure?
CGUACG
Biomolecules: Four Major Classes
III. Lipids – Energy Storage and Barrier
Common structural
features for lipids?
Biomolecules: Four Major Classes
IV. Carbohydrates – Fuel, Structure and Information
How many chiral centers in glucose?
In what form do humans store sugars?
Biochemical Polymers
Dehydration
+
Synthesis
+ H2O
Glucose and its Polymers
Starch and Cellulose
Humans are excellent at
distinguishing metabolite
stereochemistry
Match terms with cellulose or starch:
Edible/Inedible; Helical/Linear;
Alpha/Beta-Linked
Biological Functions for Biopolymers
What is an example of polysaccharides
encoding for information?
Carbon Oxidation and Reduction: Life’s
Energy Exchange
Where would sugars, lipids, gasoline, carbon dioxide and
methane gas be placed on an poor/rich energy scale?
Carbon Oxidation Ranking from Most
Oxidized to Most Reduced
How does
acetylaldehyde
versus
ethanol
rank in
terms of
energy
content?
Gibb’s Free Energy Indicates Reaction
Spontaneity
A→C
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
∆G°ʹ = ∆H°ʹ - T∆S°ʹ
∆G = ∆G°ʹ + RTlnKeq
What determines if a reaction is spontaneous in the
forward direction reverse direction or at equilibrium?
Entropy (∆S) is a
measure of
Disorder
Lower
Entropy
Enthalpy (∆H) is
a measure of
Heat Content
Higher
Entropy
Negative ∆H → Exothermic reaction
Positive ∆H → Endothermic reaction
What is ∆G, ∆H and ∆S for:
Burning paper? Dissolving (NH4)2SO4 in H2O?
Chapter 1 Problems:
1-20 and 37