Download BioMolecules Ch3

Chapter 3
• Biological Molecules
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Complex Carbohydrates - I
• Monomer = Monosaccharides
– Several with Slightly Different Structures
• Hexoses: Glucose (F3.1 p. 40), Fructose, Galactose
• Pentoses: Ribose, Deoxyribose
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
HOCH2
H
O
H
HO H
HO
HO
OH
CH2OH
HO
CH2OH
O
H
fructose
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
galactose
HOCH2
H
O
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
HOCH2
OH
ribose
O
OH
H
H
H
OH
H
deoxyribose
H
H
H
6
H
5
C
O
C
H
4
O
H
C
O
3
O
H
C
H
2
H
C
1
O
H
C
H
=
O
H
H
O
H
C
C
H
C
O
H
6
H
5
O
O
H
H
4
O
H
H
3
H
C1
H
C
CH2OH
glucose
C
=
O
2
O
H
HO
H
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
Complex Carbohydrates - II
• Polysaccharides Are Chains of Monosaccharides
–
–
–
–
Starch: plant energy storage - glucose monomers (F3.3)
Glycogen: animal energy storage
Cellulose: plant structure & function
(F3.4 p. 42)
Chitin: animal structure - unique
(F3.5 p. 43)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
100 micrometers
masses of
starch globules
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
OH H
OH H
O
H
OH
H
OH
O
CH2OH
CH2
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
OH H
OH H
O
O OH H
O OH H
O
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
wood is mostly cellulose
plant cell with cell wall
close-up of cell wall
1 micrometer
CH2OH
H
OH
O
H
OH
HH
OH
O
H
H
OH
OH
H H
O
O
H
CH2OH
1 micrometer
H
OH
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
OH
O
CH2OH
H
O
H
H
OH
H
H
O
O
CH2OH
individual
cellulose
molecules
bundle of cellulose fiber
cellulose
molecules
CH3
CH3
O C
O C
CH2OH
O
H
H
OH H
O
H
N H
CH2OH
H
N H
O
H
H
H
OH H
OH H
H
O
O
OH H
H
H
O
O
H
H
H
H
O
O
H N H
H N H
CH2OH
CH2OH
O C
O C
CH3
CH3
How Are Biological Polymers
Synthesized & Broken Down?
• Monomers Are Joined to Form Polymers
by Removing Water
– Dehydration synthesis
(F 1 p. 39)
• Monomers are Separated to Break Down the
Polymer by Adding Water
– Hydrolysis
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(F 2 p. 39)
glucose
CH2OH
O
H
H H
HO
OH
H
H
sucrose
fructose
OH
OH
HOCH2
HO
H
OH
O
H
HO
H
CH2OH
O
H H
H
Dehydration
OH
CH2 OH synthesis HO
H
HOCH2
O
H
OH
H
O
O
H
H
OH
H
HO
H
CH2OH
O
HO
O
H
OH
H
Hydrolysis
HO
OH
HO
OH
Lipids
• Lipid Monomers are Glycerol & Fatty Acids
– Triglyceride Synthesis
(F 3.6 p. 43)
• Dehydration Condensation
– Oils, Fats, and Waxes Are Lipids
• RT Solid Lipid = Saturated
• RT Liquid Lipid = Unsaturated
(F3.7 p. 44)
(F 5 p. 44)
(F 6 p. 44)
– Phospholipids – Biological Membranes
• Polar Head & Nonpolar Tail
(F 3.8 p. 45)
• Functional Groups on Biomolecules
(T3.1)
– Steroids – Membranes & Hormones
• Four Carbon Rings Fused Together
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(F 3.9 p. 46)
etc.
CH2
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H
glycerol
O
CH
HO C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH
CH2
CH2
O
HO C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 etc.
O
HO C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 etc.
fatty acids
CH2
H
O
CH
H C O C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH
CH2
etc.
CH2
O
H C O C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 etc.
O
H C O C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 etc.
H
triglyceride
O
H
H
O
H
H
O
H
H
3 water
molecules
Fat
Wax
Beef fat (saturated)
oleic acid
Linseed oil (unsaturated)
Lipids II - Phospholipids
O
CH3
H3 C-N-CH2-CH2-O-P-O-CH2 O
O HC-O-C- CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2
O
CH3
CH
CH - 2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
2
H2C-O-C-CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH3
polar head
glycerol
backbone
fatty acid tails
(hydrophobic)
(hydrophilic)
•Polar “Heads”
Water-Soluble
• Nonpolar “Tails”
Water-Insoluble
•(F 3.8 p. 45)
OH
CH3
CH3
HC CH3
CH2
CH2
HO
estradiol
CH2
HC CH3
CH3
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
O
cholesterol
testosterone
Proteins - I
• Polymer of Amino Acid Monomers
AA structure
(F7 p. 46)
Joined by peptide bond
(F3.12)
form by dehydration synthesis
broken by dehydration
• Functions of Proteins
• Structural proteins
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(T3.3 p46)
(p. 47)
variable
group
R
amino
group
H
O
N
C
H
H
hydrogen
carboxylic
acid group
C
O
H
amino acid
amino
group
carboxyl
group
amino acid
amino
group
carboxyl
group
peptide
water
peptide
bond
Hair
Horn
Silk
Proteins - II
• FUNCTION FOLLOWS FORM
• Amino Acids Chains Are Folded into Distinct Forms in Space
• Any Protein Has Three or Four Levels of Structure
– Alzheimers
Sickle Cell Disease
– Four levels of protein structure
•
•
•
•
Primary structure:
Secondary structure:
Tertiary Structure:
Quaternary Structure:
(F3.13 p. 49)
amino acid sequence
a-helix & pleated sheet
(F3.14 p. 50)
Location of Secondary Structure in Space
Arrangement of 2 or more polypeptides
• Due to Diverse Amino Acid Side Chains
(F3.11p. 47)
– Interact via Strong Covalent Disulfide Bridges & Weak Hydrogen Bonds
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(F8p48)
gly
leu
val
leu
val
lys
lys
lys
gly
his
lys
gly
ala
lys
val
his
lys
pro
ala
lys
val
lys
pro
R
R
O
C
N C
H
R
C C
N
N C C
N C
C
O
R
N C
H
C C
N
N C C
N C
C
O
R
O
N C
H
O
N
C C
N C C
O
R
R
C
R
O
O
R
O
C
R
O
R
O
R
Pleated sheet
R
O
C
N C
C
O
R
N C
H
C
N C
C
O
R
R
O
R
C C
N
N C C
C
O
R
polypeptide
hydrogen
bond
Proteins - II
• FUNCTION FOLLOWS FORM
• Amino Acids Chains Are Folded into Distinct Forms in Space
• Any Protein Has Three or Four Levels of Structure
– Alzheimers
Sickle Cell Disease
– Four levels of protein structure Protein Fold Animation Ch 3\3_2_7a.swf Mage_5_79_001120.exe
•
•
•
•
Primary structure:
Secondary structure:
Tertiary Structure:
Quaternary Structure:
(F3.13 p. 49)
amino acid sequence
a-helix & pleated sheet
(F3.14 p. 50)
Location of Secondary Structure in Space
Arrangement of 2 or more polypeptides
• Due to Diverse Amino Acid Side Chains
(F3.11p. 47)
– Interact via Strong Covalent Disulfide Bridges & Weak Hydrogen Bonds
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(F8p48)
hydrophilic
NH2
C
NH
NH
O
H2N
OH
C
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
C C OH
H2N
H O
glutamic acid (glu)
C
C
H
O
OH
arginine (arg)
hydrophobic
CH3
CH3
CH
CH2
CH2
H2N
C
C OH
H2N
H O
phenylalanine (phe)
forms
disulfide
bridges
C
C OH
H
O
leucine (leu)
SH
CH2
H2N
C
C OH
H
O
cysteine (cys)
s
s
s-s
s-s
s
s
s-s
keratin
s
s
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic Acids: Polymers of Nucleotide Monomers
– DNA and RNA, Molecules of Heredity
– Monomers:
deoxynucleotides – DNA
ribonucleotides - RNA
(F9)
– Other Functions of Nucleotides
• Intracellular Messengers, Energy Carriers, Coenzymes (F3.15 p. 51)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
base
NH2
phosphate
N C C
OH
HO
P
N
HC
O
O
CH
O
N C
sugar
H
H
H
H
OH
H
Deoxyribose nucleotide
N
CH
phosphate
base
sugar
Nucleotide chain
Vitamin
NH2
N C
C
NH2
N
HC
CH2
H H
O
P
O
OH
O
HO
H
H
N
N C
CH
HC
N C N CH
O
O
N C C
P
O
OH
O
P
O
OH
O
P
O
O
CH2
NH2
P O
H
H
OH
CH2
O
H H
OH
OH
Cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cyclic AMP)
(intracellular communication)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
(energy carrier)
N C C
N
N C
CH
HC
O
OH
OH
P O
O
HO
O
H H
N
HO
H
H
OH
Coenzyme
(active in cellular
metabolism)
N