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Transcript
A&P
URINARY
SYSTEM
Instructor Terry Wiseth
Urinary Anatomy
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
2
Functions of Urinary System
Clears blood of waste products of
metabolism
Uremia
accumulation of toxic levels of
wastes in blood
maintain normal
H2O and electrolyte balance
fluid volumes
blood pressure
body pH
3
Kidneys
Excretory Organ
Intestine, Skin, Lungs
Excretes
N2 wastes
Toxins
H20
Electrolytes
4
Microscopic Structure
Nephron
unit of function
1.25 million /
kidney
Highly vascular
20% of blood
pumped / min
5
Functions
1) maintain fluid balance
2) maintain electrolyte
balance
3) maintain acid-base balance
4) remove N2 wastes
urea
5) synthesize prostaglandin's
6) influence rate of secretion
of hormones
ADH / Aldosterone
6
Kidney Failure
blood constituents cannot be held in
normal concentrations
7
Nephron Anatomy
1) Glomerulus
Arterioles
Bowman’s Capsule
2) Tubule
Proximal
Loop of Henle
Ascending
Descending
Distal
Collecting
8
Urine Formation
Actions in forming urine
1) filtration
2) reabsorption
3) secretion
9
Glomerular Filtration
blood flows through
glomerular capillaries
H2O and solutes filter out
into Bowman’s Capsule
10
Glomerular Filtration
blood flows through
glomerular capillaries
H2O and solutes filter out
into Bowman’s Capsule
11
Glomerular Filtration
pressure gradient causes filtration
some kidney diseases
permeability of glomerulus increases
allows blood proteins to filter out into
the capsule
12
Glomerular Filtration
High blood pressure in the glomerulus
forces small molecules from blood into
the Bowman’s capsule
13
Glomerular Filtration
TEM of filtration slits from capillaries in
Bowman’s Capsule
14
Glomerular Filtration
Stress can lead to constriction of afferent
arterioles
causes filtration rate to lower
and renal suppression “kidney
shutdown”
15
Glomerular Filtration
glomerular filtration rate
directly related to systemic
blood pressure
↓ BP = ↓ glomerular filtration
↑ BP = ↑ glomerular filtration (slight)
16
Tubular Reabsorption
movement of substances from tubular
fluid out to blood
reabsorption from proximal convoluted
tubules to blood
17
Tubular Reabsorption
movement of substances from tubular
fluid out to blood
reabsorption from proximal convoluted
tubules to blood
18
Tubular Reabsorption
Glucose, amino acids,
ions and other useful
substances are
actively transported
from the tubule into
blood
19
Proximal Tubules
Water follows passively by osmosis
20
Glucose Reabsorption
if blood glucose levels exceed threshold
amount (150mg/100ml)
not all glucose is reabsorbed
21
Renal Diabetes
congenital
sometimes maximum transfer capacity is
reduced and excess glucose appears in
urine even though blood glucose level is
normal
22
Reabsorption from Loop of Henle
Descending Loop
Water diffuses out of the tubule by
osmosis
23
Reabsorption from Loop of Henle
Ascending Loop
Salts are actively transported out of
the tubule, but water cannot follow
because the walls of the tubule are
impermeable to water
24
Reabsorption from Loop of Henle
NaCl is trapped in interstitial fluid of
kidney medulla
25
Reabsorption from Distal Tubules
proximal tubules reabsorb 2/3 of Na+
distal tubules reabsorb 1/10 of Na+
26
Reabsorption from Distal Tubules
distal tubules reabsorb H2O if antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) is present
27
Distal Tubule
K+, H+ and other ions, and certain large
molecules are actively transported from
the blood into the tubule, regulating the
pH and ionic concentration of the blood
28
Collecting Duct
As the urine passes down the duct, water
moves by osmosis from the duct into the
blood
29
Collecting Duct
As the urine passes down the duct, water
moves by osmosis from the duct into the
blood
30
ADH
cause distal tubules to become
permeable to H2O
31
ADH
small concentrated volume of urine is
excreted
32
ADH
if no ADH in blood, then
large volumes of urine
produced (dilute
concentration)
33
Regulation of Urine Volume
1) ADH
2) Aldosterone
3) Extracellular fluid volume
4) Urine solute concentration
34
Regulation of Urine Volume
1) ADH
Presence
decrease Urine Volume
Absence
increase Urine Volume
35
Regulation of Urine Volume
2) Aldosterone
increases Na+ reabsorption in distal
tubule with H2O following
36
Regulation of Urine Volume
3) urine volume relates directly to
extracellular fluid volume (ECF)
ECF ↓
urine volume ↓
ECF ↑
urine volume ↑
rapid ingestion of large
amount of fluid and resulting
increased ECF leads to
increased urinary output
37
Regulation of Urine Volume
4) high solute concentration in urine
increases urine volume by osmotic
pressure
untreated diabetes
void large amounts of urine because
excess glucose in blood “spilling over”
38
Influence of Kidney on Blood Pressure
Renal Hypertension
decreased blood flow
to kidney
constriction of
arterioles
increased BP
39
Ureters
Tubes leading from
kidney to bladder
Urine moves by
peristaltic
movement
40
Ureters
Renal Calculi
stones develop in kidney, washed out
by urine into ureter
distend ureter walls
pain
41
Bladder
collapsible, elastic bag
Ureters
2
Bladder
Urethra
1
42
Functions of Bladder
1) reservoir for urine
2) expels urine
distended causes sensation and desire to
void
43
Urethra
passageway for eliminating urine
44
Urethra
passageway for eliminating urine
45
Urine
H2O
95%
N2 wastes
Electrolytes
Toxins
Pigments
Hormones
46
Artificial Kidney
Dialysis
47
Artificial Kidney
Dialysis
48
Artificial Kidney
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
(CAPD)
dialysis fluid administered to peritoneal
cavity
49
Kidney Transplant
50
END
URINARY SYSTEM