Download Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds
Carbon Compounds
(Hydrocarbons)
Functional Groups
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-CH3
-OH
-NH2
-PO3
Functional Groups
Consequences of Substitution w Functional Groups
Ethane
CH3-CH3
toxic, flammable gas
Ethanol
CH3-CH2-OH
ethyl alcohol, potable
Propanoic acid
CH3-CH2-COOH toxic liquid - “fixative”
mercaptan
CH3-CH2-SH
"rotten eggs" - smell of
natural gas
Isomers
• Structural Isomers
Isomers
• Geometric Isomers
– Around a double-bonded Carbon
Isomers
• Enantiomers (optical isomers)
– Around a single Carbon
Building Larger Molecules
• Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis)
Monomers
OH-C-C-C-OH
Polymer
OH-C-C-C-OH
OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH
+
H2O
Breaking Down Large Molecules
• Hydrolysis
Polymer
OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH
+
H2O
(ENZYMES)
Monomers
OH-C-C-C-OH
OH-C-C-C-OH
Carbon Compounds
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monomers & Polymers
Carbohydrates
• Short-term energy-storage
• Some structural
• Bigger molecules = more energy!
– (energy is stored in bonds)
Carbohydrates
• Sugars – saccharides.
• Monosaccharides (monomers)
– Simple sugars
– Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Deoxyribose
• Disaccharides (simple polymers)
– Two monomers combined
– Sucrose, Lactose
• Polysaccharides (complex polymers)
– Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Lipids
• Long-term energy-storage (reserves).
– Bigger molecules = more energy!
• Membrane structure
• Hormones
Lipids
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With Fatty Acids
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Glycerides
Phospholipids
Waxes
Without Fatty Acids
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Steroids
Lipids with Fatty Acids
1. Glycerides = Fats & Oils
Glycerol + 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid chains.
– Monoglycerides
– Diglycerides
– Triglycerides
Lipids with Fatty Acids
1. Glycerides
– Saturated vs Unsaturated
Geometric Isomers of Fatty Acids
Oleic acid
Elaidic acid
Oleic acid is a cis unsaturated fat that
comprises 55-80% of olive oil.
Elaidic acid is a trans unsaturated fat
and a major trans fat found in
hydrogenated vegetable oils.
Examples of fatty acids
Oleic - mono-unsaturated - varying quantities in most oils
Linoleic - poly(2) unsaturated - Sunflower oil, Olive oil, Rice bran oil, Corn oil
Lipids with Fatty Acids
2. Phospholipids
– Membranes – “phospholipid bilayer”
Lipids with Fatty Acids
3. Waxes
– VERY hydrophobic molecules
– Water repellent
•
Protection from water gain and loss
Ear Wax (Squalene)
Bees Wax
Plant wax (Ursolic acid)
Lipids without Fatty Acids
1. Steroids – 4 carbon rings
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Hormones, Vitamin D
Proteins
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Structural
Membrane Function
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies/Antigens
Energy (as a last resort)
Proteins get things done!
Proteins
• Made up of Amino Acids = monomers
(Acid group)
Proteins
• 20 Amino Acids:
• Some simple,
• Some complex
Peptide Bonds
• Condensation Reaction (dehydration
synthesis)
Acid group
Amino group
Peptide Bonds
• Condensation Reaction (dehydration
synthesis)
“Polypeptide” formation
• Primary (1o) Structure
Polypeptide
Chain
Polypeptide Folding & Spiraling
• Secondary (2o) Structure
Polypeptide 3-D Shape
• Tertiary (3o) Structure
– Covalent Bonds
– Ionic Bonds
– Disulfide Bonds
– Hydrogen Bonds
– Van der Waals
Interactions
Polypeptide 3-D Shape
• Conformation
Multiple Polypeptides
• Quaternary (4o) Structure
Proteins = Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
• Carriers
– Information Carriers* (DNA, RNA)
– Electron Carriers (NAD+, FAD+, NADP+)
– Energy Carriers (ATP)
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides = monomers
– 5-carbon sugar
– N-base
– Phosphate
Nucleic Acids
• DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
Nucleic Acids call the plays!
DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Double Helix connected by N-bases.
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotide Coenzymes
• NAD+
NADH
• FAD+
FADH2
• NADP+
NADPH
Nucleic Acids
• Adenosine Phosphates
• ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
Homework…
• Select 3 functional groups…
– Name them.
– Chemical structures of each.
– Examples of actual molecules that include
them.
– Properties that make them do what they do.
Homework…
• For NEXT WEEK …
• Distinguish between:
simple proteins & conjugated proteins