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2.1 Molecules What does ‘organic’ mean? • In Biology, organic means containing the element carbon – Exception: carbon dioxide (CO2) • Carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds which allows it to form stable compounds. Carbon containing compounds: building blocks of life Carbohydrates Protein Lipids Nucleic acids The most frequently occurring elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Functional groups you need to know Name of Group Hydroxyl Full Structure −O−H Simplified Notation −OH Amine − NH2 Carboxyl −COOH Methyl −CH3 Draw the following molecules *see following slides • • • • • Ribose Glucose Saturated fatty acids Amino acids Glycerol Ribose • The formula is C5H10O5 • The molecule is a five-membered ring w/ a side chain • Four carbon atoms are in the ring and one forms the side chain • The carbon atoms can be numbered starting with number 1 on the right • The hydroxyl groups –OH) on carbon atoms 1, 2, and 3 point up, down and down respectively. Glucose • The formula is C6H12O6 • The molecule is a six-membered ring w/ a side chain • Five carbon atoms are in the ring and one forms the side chain • The carbon atoms can be numbered starting with number 1 on the right • The hydroxyl groups –OH) on carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, and 4 point down, down, up and down respectively. Saturated fatty acids • The carbon atoms form an unbranched chain. • In saturated fatty acids carbons are bonded to each other by single bonds • The number of carbon atoms is most commonly between 14-20 • At one end of the chain the carbon atom is part of a carboxyl group. • At the other end the carbon atom is bonded to three hydrogen atoms • All other carbon atoms are bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Amino Acid • A carbon atom in the center of the molecule is bonded to four different things • An amine group • The carboxyl group which makes the molecule an acid • A hydrogen atom • The R group, which is the variable part of amino acids Glycerol • Three carbon atoms connected with single bonds • One hydroxyl group connected to each carbon Quiz yourself on the following slide Answers • • • • (a) is glucose (b) is an amino acid (c) is glycerol (d) is ribose Quiz yourself on the following slide Answers (d) is an amino acid Quiz yourself on the following slide Answers (i) II (ii) I (iii) IV The two molecules that are the most similar are II and III. The are both carbohydrates. They are both formed with a ring structure. They both contain multiple hydroxyl groups. Identify the following as: carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids Identify the following as: carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids Nature of Science 1) What is the theory of vitalism? 2) Why did the successful synthesis of urea in the laboratory disprove the theory of vitalism? http://alignlife.com/userfiles/vatuvian%20man.jpg