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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Historical perspective of A&P Pre-scientific period Cavemen – intimate knowledge about animal anatomy Scientific period Mesopotamia – examined the body Records found on cuneiform tablets Egypt – did dissection for embalming (but not systematic examination) Eastern (Japan/China) 3000BC Herbalists and acupuncture (anatomy) Grecian period Hippocrates 460-377 BC Humoral theory: health determined by balance of 4 fluids Blood (red) – liver Choler – (yellow) – yellow bile – gall bladder Phlegm – (white) - lungs Melancholy – (black) - black bile - spleen Key contribution: disease was natural, not “by the gods” Aristotle 384-322 BC Dissection (with embryology and zoology) However, there were errors: Ex. Brain was for cooling the blood 5) Alexandrian period (322-30BC) Anatomy rose as a detailed science However, done via human vivisection of prisoners or with cadavers Herophilus – described brain structures & spinal cord (vivisection of prisoners) Erisistratus – father of physiology Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci – anatomy cadaver dissection 17th/18th centuries Harvey – demonstrated blood circulation Leeuwenhoek – “father of histology” designed microscope 19th/20th centuries Explosion of anatomical, histological, physiological and pharmacological discoveries DEFINITIONS Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts From the Greek words “tomy” to cut and “ana” apart Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function (systems) Growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, metabolism, circulation, absorption, excretion, movement Other disciplines arise from A&P Histology – study of tissue structure Pathology – disease processes Pathophysiology – how the body responds to disease Pharmacology – medicine to repair the imbalance How is any living thing organized? Definitions1. Atoms 2. Macromolecules 3. Cells 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. Organ System 7. Organism- MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules What Elements make up the Human Body? 4 Elements make up 96.1% of the human body (by mass) OXYGEN- 65 % in water- used as a gas by every cell to oxidated glucose (cellular respiration) CARBON- 18.5% primary component of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids HYDROGEN- 9.5% found in most organic molecules- also influences the pH levels of body fluids NITROGEN- 3.2% component of proteins and TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9%) CALCIUM- (1.5%)-salt form found in bones and teeth PHOSPHORUS- 1 %- salt form found in bones and teeth- also used in ATP POTASSIUM- (0.4%)ionic form used to transmit nerve impulses SULFUR- (0.3%)- component of proteins SODIUM- ( 0.2%) ion used in water balance and conduction of nerve impulses TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9%) CHLORINE- (0.2%) negative ion in the body- electrolytes and nerve impulses MAGNESIUM-(0.1%) makes up enzymes used in many metabolic reactions IODINE- (0.1%)- needed to make functional thyroid hormones IRON- (0.1%)- in hemoglobin- carries oxygen in the blood Compounds in the Human Body WATER- makes up about two-thirds of the total body weight 4 functions 1. High heat capacity- can absorb and release large amounts of heat without changing temperature -homeostasis of the body temp. WATER 2. 3. 4. UNIVERSAL SOLVENT- its polarity properties allow it to dissolve solids, liquids and gases. CHEMICALLY REACTIVE- water is the essential part in hydrolysis reactions which breakdown complex sugars and proteins CUSHIONING- examples are cerebrospinal fluid that cushion the brain and amniotic fluid that cushion a developing fetus SALTS Mostly calcium and phosphorus are easily ionized by water and can conduct electrical currents in solution(electrolytes) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CARBOHYDRATES- sugars, and starches contain C, H, and O in a certain ratio GLUCOSE- monosaccharide that is refered to as “blood sugar” GLYCOGEN- polysaccharide in animals that stores energy- found in the muscles and liver LIPIDS LIPIDS-(fats) contain long chains of C and H PHOSPHOLIPID- 2 fatty acid chains connected to a phosphate head (cell membrane) NEUTRAL FATS- (TRIGLYCERIDES) 3 fatty acid chains connected to a glycerol molecule(storage of energy) usually found just beneath the skin and around body organs LIPIDS STEROIDS- 4 interlocking rings of C and H CHOLESTEROL- found in cell membrane (keeps its fluid) used to make vitamin D, used to make sex hormones. (estrogen, testosterone) PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS- (26) building blocks of proteins- contains an amine group (Nitrogen atom connected with 2 hydrogen atoms) connected to a long chain of carbons FIBROUS PROTEINS- bind structures together- (tough) examples are Keratin and Collagen PROTEINS GLOBULAR PROTEINS- “functional proteins” that are mobile and perform biological processes Examples are antibodies, hormones (growth hormone and insulin), and enzymes ENZYMES CATALYSTS- speed up a chemical reaction (by lowering the activation energy)without become part of the chemical reactionEnzymes bind to molecule at specific active sites then release after the reaction. Enzymes are designated with the suffix -ASE NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES are the building blocks 1. adenine 2. guanine 3. cytosine 4. thymine 5. uracil Form long chains DNA or RNA ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ATP- provides the chemical energy used in all cells